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Civil Action2019

浙江大通輕紡有限公司 對 何斌及另一人

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[2024] HKCFI 3372-CH-2024-11-26

浙江大通輕紡有限公司 對 何斌及另一人

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HCA 667/2019

[2024] HKCFI 3372

香港特別行政區

高等法院原訟法庭

民事司法管轄權

民事訴訟2019年第667號

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原告人浙江大通輕紡有限公司
對
第一被告人HE BIN(何斌)
第二被告人WANG CHUN(王春)

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主審法官:高等法院原訟法庭暫委法官萬可宜法庭聆訊
聆訊日期:2024年9月23及26日
判案書日期:2024年11月26日

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判案書

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背景

1.  與訟各方就本案的基礎事實沒有重大爭議,以下背景由原告人及第一及第二被告人(「兩名被告人」)開案陳詞節錄:

(1) 原告人是在內地成立的公司。

(2) 兩名被告人何斌和王春原是義烏市居民。王春是浙江飛行筆業有限公司(「飛行筆業」)的法定代表人、飛行筆業董事長王基行的女兒;何斌是王春的丈夫、王基行的女婿。

(3) 2011年6月14日,飛行筆業與中國工商銀行股份有限公司義烏分行(「義烏工商」)簽訂了一份流動資金借款合同,向義烏工商借款人民幣15,000,000元。

(4) 同日,原告人與義烏工商簽訂了最高額保證合同(「原告人義烏工商保證」),同意在人民幣18,750,000元的限額內為飛行筆業的債務進行擔保。此合同內第11條規定,糾紛應在義烏工商所在地的法院提起訴訟。

(5) 幾天後,在2011年6月17日,兩名被告人作為保證人與義烏工商簽訂了一份最高額保證合同(「被告人義烏工商保證」),同意在人民幣85,000,000元的限額內為飛行筆業的債務進行擔保。

(6) 大概一年後,在2012年6月27日,原告人與飛行筆業、兩名被告人等人簽訂保證協議(「該保證協議」),兩名被告人等人作為飛行筆業的共同保證人,在飛行筆業不能即時履行義務時承擔連帶清償責任。擔保範圍為包括主債權及利息和實現債權的費用等。

(7) 在該保證協議簽訂後一天,在2012年6月28日,原告人代飛行筆業償還義烏工商本息共人民幣15,143,280.14元,但飛行筆業、兩名被告人等均未向原告人償還任何款項。

(8) 原告人於2012年11月8日在浙江省義烏市人民法院(「義烏法院」)向飛行筆業、兩名被告人等提起訴訟。

(9) 2013年3月20日,義烏法院開庭審理,兩名被告人未到庭應訴。義烏法院同日判決(「該內地判決」):

(a) 飛行筆業須於判決生效十五日內向原告人支付15,143,280.14元,並支付利息(按銀行貸款利息兩倍計算,從2012年10月1日起至判決指定的履行日期);

(b) 飛行筆業應負擔原告人的律師費人民幣300,000元;

(c) 兩名被告人等人對飛行筆業的債務及訴訟費承擔連帶清償責任。

(10) 2013年3月25日,義烏法院以郵政快遞方式向兩名被告人的身份證住址送達《民事判決書》,因無人簽收,又聯繫不到收件者後而被退回。2013年4月10日,義烏法院在人民法院報刊登廣告,通過公告方式向兩名被告人等人送達判決書。經公告送達後,兩名被告人均未在法定上訴期限內上訴。

(11) 原告人隨後向義烏法院申請強制執行民事判決(執行案號:(2013)金義執民字第4011號),但除在2015年10月10日收到執行款人民幣1,926,286.62外,未獲得任何其他償還或執行款。

(12) 至今,兩名被告人對上述判決書未在內地法院或檢察機關申請上訴或再審。

(13) 原告人於2019年4月16日循普通法申請認可及執行該內地判決。

在普通法下申請認可及執行內地判決的法律原則

2.  各方同意有關的法律原則如下:根據普通法的原則,外地判決要根據普通法在香港強制執行,需要符合以下要求[1]。該外地判決必須是:

(1) 有關一筆債務,或一筆特定的金額,而不是應繳稅項或罰款或其他懲罰性款項;

(2) 由有管轄權的法院頒佈;

(3) 具終局性和不可推翻的;

(4) 在香港的法律衝突規則下不會遭詬病的。

3.  如果判決有終局性,除非該外國判決違反香港法律的自然公義,或違反香港的公共政策,否則該判決應被執行[2]。公共政策的例外是狹窄的,並須符合尊重國際法律的原則。即使香港法院可能會達到另一個裁判結果,亦不一定代表法院會以公共政策例外為由拒絕執行該判決[3]。

4.  一個外國判決即使在實質裁決上可能有錯誤,也不違反香港法律的自然公義。再者,單單於程序上的違規亦不違反香港法律大體上的實際公義[4]。

抗辯理由

5.  兩名被告人就原告人的申請提出之反對理由,可總括如下:

(1) 該內地判決是缺乏終局性,並非不可推翻的判決。

(2) 義烏法院對兩名被告人沒有合適的管轄權。

(3) 原告人在整個訴訟並未有效送達兩名被告人。

該內地判決的終局性

6.  兩名被告人陳詞指,內地的抗訴或審判監督制度令該內地判決成為非終局判決:

(1) 人民法院可以在以下情況決定重審:

(a) 內地人民檢察院在法律規定的情況下提出抗訴或提出檢察建議以啟動審判監督程序,使相關案件得到再審。

(b) 發現判決確有錯誤,對相關案件進行重審。

(c) 當事人認為判決有錯,可申請再審。

(2) 義烏法院(作為本案的地方人民法院)有權:

(a) 自行重新審理自己的判決。

(b) 在同一法院對案件進行再審。

(3) 由於原告人沒有證據證明該內地判決已被審查,因此不能否決該內地判決可被推翻的可能。

(4) 這種廢除或改變自己決定的權力與上訴機制不同,亦不符合判決終局性的標準。

7.  原告人陳詞則指,兩名被告人至今未在內地提出任何上訴、再審或審判監督的申請,該內地判決頒下11年後,現實中已經不存在基於任何法律或事實的理由推翻該判決的可能。

8.  基於以下原因,本席同意原告人的陳詞,該內地判決具有終局性:

(1) 兩位專家證人就以下有關終局性事項大部份意見一致:

(a) 內地人民檢察院啟動審判監督程序的條件及程序;

(b) 內地人民法院啟動審判監督程序的條件及程序;

(c) 當事人申請再審的條件及程序;

(d) 審判監督程序可以提供的司法救濟及對原判決的影響;

(e) 本案中的該內地判決由經授權管轄第一審涉港澳台民商事案件的基層人民法院作出並已經超過法定期限沒上訴,是已經發生法律效力的第一審判決書。

(f) 該內地判決被審判監督情況推翻或案件再審的可能性不大:

(i) 兩名被告人的專家吳英鵬大律師表示:儘管從學理角度,本案在制度上是存在重審及啟動再審的途徑;但倘若不存在當事人已作出再審申請,或是以任何途徑啟動再審的情況,那就很難談得上顯示可能性了。

(ii) 原告人的專家張憲初教授認為,在長達八年(現在已11年)時間裡,內地人民檢察院和人民法院沒有對本案提出過任何抗訴、檢察建議或啟動審判監督程序,兩名被告人也沒有提出過任何申訴或上訴,所以在內地以審判監督程序對本案再審只有微乎其微的純粹理論空間,而沒有任何實際的可能。

(2) 總括而言,兩位專家證人均同意,僅在純理論上,該內地判決有可能因審判監督程序或重審而被推翻。

(3) 雖然兩名被告人提出不同的理據指該內地判決應被推翻,但無可置疑的事實是,他們從該內地判決於2013年頒下至今11年,沒有在內地提出任何上訴、再審、推翻或審判監督的申請。

(4) 當考慮到11年來人民檢察院和人民法院都沒有啟動重審,而兩名被告人均沒有提出上訴或再審,兩位專家都不能說出實際上,該內地判決會有被更改的可能性。

(5) 另外,第一被告人於審訊中解釋,他們沒有進行上訴或申請推翻該內地判決,是因為他們不相信內地的司法制度。再者,他們受內地限制出境,所以他們不會再回內地。從這點可見,兩名被告人根本沒有任何意圖去申請上訴或重審。

(6) 在此情況下,本席認為沒有任何證據證明在此情況下,有任何因素(如就有關文件的真確性、貪污等行為有任何人提出舉報或控告)會導致人民檢察院和人民法院突然在11年後,獨立地啟動審判監督程序。

(7) 正如黃國瑛法官在Jiang Xi An Fa Da Wine Co.Ltd v Zhan King[5] 及杜溎峰法官在Bank of China Ltd v Yang Fan[6] 一案指出,香港沒有案例確實指出,單單因為內地的審判監督程序,便足以決定一個內地判決是非終局性。

(8) 上訴庭林雲浩法官在Beijing Renji Real Estate Development Group Co., Ltd. v Zhu Min[7] 一案中指出,一個判決是否具終局性的議題,應以香港法律決定。林法官亦認同杜法官在Bank of China Ltd v Yang Fan[8]就內地審判監督程序的性質類近香港的上訴機制的分析:

“53. … It appears from article 211 of the current Code that under the present protest regime re-trial by the court protested is not a matter of course upon receipt of a protest. First, the people’s court which accepts the protest is usually one level higher than the court the decision of which is protested against. It has 30 days to decide whether to entertain the protest by ordering a re-trial or to dismiss the protest. It may or may not order a re-trial. If it dismisses the protest, that is the end of the protest. Second, if it orders a re-trial, it may conduct the re-trial itself or order it to be tried by a lower level court or the court protested. It may conduct the re-trial itself, except where the protest was made in circumstances under paragraphs (1) to (5) of article 200, ie matters relating to insufficiency of evidence. In that light, the protest regime is more like an appellate regime. The protest by the procuratorate is just another avenue of appeal, except that it is initiated by a non-party. But the result is no different from an appeal by a party. The protest is to be adjudicated by the higher level people’s court. The remedies, if successful, are no different from those available under the appellate system in the PRC. Those remedies are also similar to the remedies under our system. The appellate court may set aside the judgment of the original court, re-hear the case itself and reach its own decision or remit it to the court appealed or protested against to continue hearing with further directions or for re-trial denovo. There is no doubt that judgments of our courts under our system are final and conclusive. Thus, equally, it can be argued that PRC judgments under a system containing a protest regime as set out in article 211 is final and conclusive. My understanding of Lord Watson’s dictum in Nouvion v Freeman & Another is that a judgment is final and conclusive if it is unalterable voluntarily (my emphasis) by the court pronouncing it. The court becomes functus officio and has no jurisdiction to reopen or amend its decision on its own volition. Hence, it is final and conclusive as far as the court pronouncing it is concerned. Under our law, the fact that the pronouncing court’s jurisdiction is revived by an appellate court does not render its original decision not final and conclusive. Applying the same rationale, there is no reason why, if jurisdiction is revived by a protest by the procuratorate resulting in the same remedies available under the appellate system in that foreign jurisdiction, the original decision should be treated as not final and conclusive.

54. … I am well satisfied for the purpose of the present interlocutory application that the Plaintiff has discharged its burden of showing an arguable case that such judgment, if obtained, is final and conclusive for the purpose of the Ordinance.”

(9) The Conflict of Laws in Hong Kong[9] 的作者建議,就某原審判決有可能被重審的正確處理方法,應為先採取國家雙互尊重禮讓原則,認明每個國家的法律體系因歷史原因採取了不同方式,以達至判決的統一性。因此,該等初級判決亦可被視為有終局性的判決,但香港法院保留根據個別情況而拒絕認可某些已經開始重審過程的判決。

(10) 本席同意原告人的陳詞:考慮到互惠原則,尤其是內地和香港近年交互執行判決實現的高度互惠情況,如果僅僅基於內地司法制度存在審判監督或再審的理論上(而非實際上)的可能而一概認為所有內地法院的判決均不具備終局性,等同對內地司法制度進行性質上的評估(qualitative assessment),並不符合互惠原則。

(11) 本案的情況正正展示了:雖然在理論上,該內地判決有重審或被推翻的可能,但11年過後,兩名被告人已表示因各種原因不會申請重審;亦沒有任何證據支持有任何原因人民檢察院和人民法院在11年後,獨立地啟動審判監督程序。在此情況下,法院不應只考慮該內地判決具有被推翻的可能性,從而決定該內地判決缺乏終局性。

(12) 另外,第一被告人於審訊期間嘗試提出一些新的理據,指其中一名保證人已經提出重審並獲監察院受理,轉交法院審核,等候進一步回覆等;及有關文件其中一個簽名是偽造的。如本席在庭上指出,法庭進行審訊時要顧及程序公義,兩名被告人只在呈交開案陳詞時提出此理據,原告人完全沒有機會索取指示或作出回應。更重要的是,兩名被告人沒有提供任何的證據支持該指稱。本席不接納此等新理據。

管轄權

9.  與訟各方同意有關管轄權的法律原則,義烏法院是否對兩名被告人有管轄權應以適用香港衝突法規則決定[10]。有關管轄權的考慮因素包括[11]:

(1) 被告人在是頒佈判決的國家之公民或該國居民;

(2) 被告人在外國訴訟程序開始時居於起訴地;

(3) 被告人自願出庭接受管轄;

(4) 被告人於合約上同意在起訴地進行訴訟。

10.  兩名被告人主張原告人於2012年在義烏提出起訴時,他們已經定居香港。他們沒有出庭,也沒有在合約上同意在義烏進行起訴,因此義烏法院對他們沒有管轄權。

11.  基於以下原因,本席認為,義烏法院對兩名被告人有管轄權:

(1) 兩名被告人為內地公民,持有內地戶口,其戶口所在地為義烏,亦持有內地護照和身份證。其身份證和戶口簿的地址均在義烏。

(2) 儘管兩名被告人聲稱已移居香港,但他們與義烏的關係明顯依然密切:

(a) 兩名被告人只提出了他們的出入境證明,但沒有提出他們已永久離開義烏及另外建立經常居所的證明。

(b) 第一被告人接受盤問時承認,2005年從外地返回義烏後,從事的包裝生意是通過義烏泰和包裝有限公司(「義烏泰和」)進行。他自2011年至2017年均是義烏泰和的執行董事和法定代表人。至今他仍然是股東。

(c) 雖然被告人聲稱自2009年定居香港,但他仍然會返回內地經營生意、處理公務及探訪家人,討論家人的生意,其中包括岳父王基行的公司飛行筆業。

(3) 雖然兩名被告人指稱代表原告人的張希明一直知道兩名被告人已移居香港,張希明對此作出否認。在盤問下,張希明先生確認第一被告人的岳父王基行曾有和他提過被告人在香港做生意,但沒有提過他們在香港定居。張希明也作供指於2012年6月簽署該保證協議當時,兩名被告人出示的是內地身份證件。就此,兩名被告人沒有作出盤問,只是於陳詞中指他們從來沒有出示內地身份證明文件。

(4) 本席在原告人是否知悉兩名被告人已移居香港一事接納張希明的證供:

(a) 義烏工商於2022年4月24日出具的「關於浙江飛行筆業有限公司貸款資料提供情況的說明」列出有關貸款的相關資料中,沒有任何關於兩名被告人已移居香港的證據和資料,但有兩名被告人的內地身份證。從此可見,兩名被告人於2011年簽訂被告人義烏工商保證時,應沒有向義烏工商提供他們已移居香港的資料,而只是提供了內地的身份證。

(b) 第一被告人在盤問下承認,於2008或2009年第一次見張希明時,他們已經在香港開設公司,但當時他們未在香港定居。因此張希明不可能在2008或2009年時知道兩名被告人移居一事。

(c) 兩名被告人第二次見到張希明已是3或4年後2012年6月簽署該保證協議當日。當日第一被告人較其他人遲到。第一被告人承認他在場期間沒有聽到有人向張希明提及兩名被告人已定居香港。他也承認兩名被告人從來沒有向張希明提供過香港的聯絡地址或電話。

(d) 沒有爭議的是兩名被告人從未向張希明出示香港身份證明文件。

(e) 第一被告人指稱王基行有跟張希明提過他已移居香港,但第一被告人沒有合理解釋為何不傳召王基行爲他作供。就算王基行因年紀不良於行,他亦可以申請遙距作供,但他沒有作出這樣申請。

(f) 同樣,兩名被告人指稱曾告知義烏工商的職員樓建國他們已移居香港,並提供了聯絡地址和電話,但他們同樣沒有傳召樓建國作供。第一被告人的證人供詞指他為了準備這份證人供詞,曾經向義烏工商查詢樓建國是否在職,但獲告知他已經離職。但在盤問下,對於他為何沒有進一步通過內地或香港律師向義烏工商查詢銀行系統是否有他們香港的聯絡地址和電話,第一被告人沒有任何合理的解釋。無論如何,從上述的「關於浙江飛行筆業有限公司貸款資料提供情況的說明」可見,義烏工商的系統並沒有任何有關兩名被告人移居香港的資訊。

(5) 雖然該保證協議沒有列明受那國家法律管轄,但義烏法院和本案件涉及的事宜顯然有真實和實質的聯繫,被告人以下的行為也應被視為默示服從或同意內地法院的管轄權:

(a) 被告人義烏工商保證第11條列明任何爭議應由義烏工商所在地法院(即義烏法院)管轄;原告人義烏工商保證第11條同樣亦規定義烏法院的管轄權。

(b) 該保證協議於2012年在義烏簽訂。此保證協議顯然與被告人義烏工商保證是「背靠背」的關係:因為簽訂該保證協議的第二天,原告人即代飛行筆業向義烏工商償還款項,免除了兩名被告人在被告人義烏工商保證下對義烏工商的償還責任。

送達問題

12.  兩名被告人指稱,在本訴訟在2019年開始前,因為原告人沒有將有關的訴訟文件,或是該內地判決送達給他們,他們對該內地判決不知情:

(1) 義烏法院使用了郵寄送達方式傳送訴訟文書,但國內特快專遞郵件詳情單及法院專遞退批條可證明訴訟文件未有送達給他們,原因是「原址無此人」。

(2) 義烏法院以他們「長期在外,下落不明」為由,改以公告送達方式,於2012年12月12日在人民法院報刊登公告。當時他們也身處香港。

13.  兩名被告人陳詞指,由於原告人在內地提起的訴訟沒有有效地通知他們,因此導致內地法院對他們的管轄權無效。

14.  首先,本席不同意送達的議題會影響管轄權。送達不當只會影響法庭是否會因自然正義原則而不認可或執行有關判決[12]。

15.  兩名專家就適用於送達的內地規條意見相若。

16.  兩名被告人的專家只因為在獲提供的資料中沒有看到法院以其他方式送達的材料,或沒有證據證明他們下落不明而認為送達可能有問題。

17.  但兩名被告人作為提出送達有問題這指稱的一方,應該擔負舉證的責任,證明送達如何有缺陷,而不是在沒有證據支持下只依賴一些可能有問題的範疇便作出這樣的指稱。

18.  原告人的專家提到,內地法院以法院專遞方式開展的郵寄送達是受到最高人民法院肯定的送達民事訴訟文書的一種重要方式;原告人不一定能取得義烏法院的全部卷宗,因此不能判斷義烏法院是否曾經嘗試直接送達。實際上,本案的證據顯示,即使義烏法院曾經嘗試根據被告人戶口顯示的地址進行直接送達,亦不能成功送達被告人。而義烏法院的卷宗也顯示,送達人曾經多次嘗試送達,包括兩次打電話,但無人接聽。

19.  正如本席於以上第11段的分析,兩名被告人沒有足夠證據證明張希明,或原告人在有關時刻知道兩名原告人的香港住址。再者,從針對兩名被告人的多宗2012年至2019年的內地案件的判決可見,這些內地案件均記載兩名被告人居住地為義烏,並在義烏從事借貸等經濟活動,並沒有描述兩名被告人已移居香港一說。

20.  本席同意,義烏法院2012年12月12日對被告人所作的公告送達符合中華人民共和國民事訴訟法第92條關於被告人「下落不明」的規定。

21.  更重要一點,本席不接納兩名被告人指稱他們在2019年之前不知道原告人在義烏提出的訴訟:

(1) 原告人是同時向兩名被告人及他們的家人提出訴訟,其中王基行和王美娟分別是第二被告人的父親和母親(即第一被告人的岳父母)。兩名被告人沒有提出證據證明他們完全沒有與家人聯繫的原因或指稱。本席不接納兩名被告人會一直不知道原告人在義烏針對所有保證人提出的訴訟。

(2) 第一被告人在口供承認,他自2013年已知道兩名被告人被限制出境內地。本席認為在此情況下,他不可能沒有作出詢問,是因何事而被限制出境。第一被告人承認他知道該限制由張希明申請,一開始他說問不到原因;其後他承認他簽了很多擔保,他不想問,也不想管,由於他已不打算再到內地,所以他沒有再深究。

(3) 兩名被告人的公司,義烏泰和的企業報告乃公開文件,任何人在互聯網上都可查到,該企業報告中詳細列出兩位被告人就義烏泰和的債務充當保證人而未履行責任各項訴訟。本席不接納兩名被告人不知道有關訴訟之說。

22.  再者,兩名被告人並沒有以送達有問題為由,而就該內地判決提出上訴或撤銷的要求。

23.  本席認為兩名被告人必然知道原告人在義烏向他們提出的訴訟。因此,無論如何,本席不認為送達這一議題會違反自然正義原則。

總結

24.  本席因此認爲,該內地判決可在香港執行。

25.  基於上述各種理由,本席根據該內地判決如原告人要求登錄判決。兩名被告人須向原告人支付本金HK$17,717,637.70、利息HK$11,467,719.40及原告人的內地律師費HK$351,000。2019年4月16日起至判案書頒下日期以銀行最優惠利率 +1% 計算。其後利息以判定利率計算,直至還款為止。

26.  兩名被告人需支付原告人訟費(包括大律師證書)。

27.  如雙方未能就訟費數額達成協議,則交由法庭評定。

28.  本席亦批准原告人取回根據法庭2019年12月5日以及2021年8月18日命令存入法庭的合共HK$105萬元的訟費保證金。

 (萬可宜)
 高等法院原訟法庭暫委法官

原告人:由何氏律師事務所轉聘廖敏皓大律師代表

第一被告人:無律師代表,親自應訊

第二被告人:無律師代表,親自應訊



[1]   Jiang Xi An Fa Da Wine Co Ltd. v Zhan King[2019] HKCFI 2411第52段

[2]   Dicey, Morris & Collins, The Conflict of Laws, 16th Edition, Rule 54 and Rule 55

[3]   Reeves v One World Challenge LLC [2006] 2 NZLR184第56段

[4]   Dicey, Morris & Collins, The Conflict of Laws, 16th Edition, 第14-161 及 14-165段

[5]   [2019] HKCFI 2411第 89 段

[6]   [2016] 3 HKLRD 7第24 – 31 頁

[7]   [2022] HKCFI 1027

[8]   [2016] 3 HKLRD 7第 53 – 54段

[9]   3rd Edition, 第9.085段

[10]   Dicey, Morris and Collins, The Conflict of Laws, 16th Edition, 第14-062 – 14-064段

[11]   Emanuel v Symon [1908] 1 KB 302第 309頁

[12]   Dicey , Morris & Collins, The Conflict of Laws, 16th Edition, 第14-162段

[2022] HKCFI 1987-EN-2022-07-06

浙江大通輕紡有限公司 v. HE BIN AND ANOTHER

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HCA 667/2019

[2022] HKCFI 1987

IN THE HIGH COURT OF THE

HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION

COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE

ACTION NO. 667 OF 2019

____________

BETWEEN

 浙江大通輕紡有限公司Plaintiff

and

 HE BIN (何斌)1st Defendant
 WANG CHUN (王春)2nd Defendant

____________

Before: Hon Cheng J in Chambers (by paper disposal)

Date of Plaintiff’s Submissions: 1 April 2022

Date of Defendant’s Submissions: 4 April 2022

Date of Plaintiff’s Reply Submissions: 6 April 2022

Date of Decision: 6 July 2022

_____________

D E C I S I O N

_____________


A. INTRODUCTION

1.  By a summons of 16 August 2021 as amended on 20 August 2021 (“the Summons”), the Plaintiff applied for a Mareva injunction and ancillary disclosure orders against the 1st and 2nd Defendants (“Mr He” and “Ms Wang” respectively). The injunction seeks to prevent the Defendants from removing from Hong Kong assets up to the value of $29,536,357.10, and in particular to prevent the Defendants from disposing of a property known as House 7, Providence Bay, No.8 Fo Chun Road, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong (“House 7”) (save that the Defendants may sell House 7 provided that the net proceeds are paid into court and that the Plaintiff is notified of the sale and assignment).

2.  The originally scheduled hearing of the Summons was adjourned due to the general adjournment of proceedings announced by the Judiciary by reason of public health considerations. The parties consented to the determination of the application on the papers instead.

B. THE BACKGROUND

3.  The Defendants are a married couple who were originally residents of mainland PRC and who are now Hong Kong residents.

4.  It is the Plaintiff’s case that in June 2011, it agreed to guarantee the liabilities of one Zhejiang Feixing Biye Limited (“Feixing”), which had borrowed money from the Yiwu Branch of the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (“ICBC Yiwu”). The Plaintiff further says that it entered into agreement with the Defendants and other persons (“the Other Guarantors”), pursuant to which Feixing undertook to repay sums paid by the Plaintiff to ICBC Yiwu, and the Defendants and the Other Guarantors were to be jointly and severally liable for Feixing’s liabilities to the Plaintiff in the event that Feixing failed to make repayment.

5.  The Plaintiff says that it obtained a judgment against the Defendants and the other Guarantors from a mainland court on 20 March 2013 (“the Mainland Judgment”), that the Mainland Judgment took effect on about 24 June 2013 and is final and conclusive and binding on the Defendants, and that as at 15 April 2019 (one day prior to the writ in these proceedings), the total amount of the debt, interest and costs payable by the Defendants and the Other Guarantors to the Plaintiff under the Mainland Judgment was the renminbi equivalent of $29,536,357.10.

6.  The Defendants’ primary defence is that the Mainland Judgment is not considered final and conclusive by the Hong Kong courts, and that it is in any event not enforceable in Hong Kong as the Yiwu Court which granted the judgment was not a court of competent jurisdiction over the Defendants. The Plaintiff’s response is that the Mainland Judgment was entered some nine years ago, but the Defendants have not made any application for review or retrial in mainland PRC.

7.  Apart from the Mainland Judgment, the Plaintiff says that it has discovered that judgments were obtained against the Defendants in the mainland in eight other cases, for which a total sum of about RMB 60m remains outstanding (“the Other Judgments”). The dates of the judgments fall within the period February 2013 to September 2019. The Defendants claim not to know anything about the Other Judgments.

8.  The Plaintiff says that it has discovered that in towards the end of June to early August 2021, the Defendants were dissipating their assets, in that back in January 2021, they had sold their flat in Laguna Verde, Hung Hom which was registered in Ms Wang’s name (“the Hung Hom Flat”), and were actively marketing House 7 which was their family home.

9.  Pending determination of the Summons, the Defendants gave an undertaking to inform the Plaintiff of any binding contract of sale of House 7 and to place the net proceeds of sale into a designated account.

10.  On 22 February 2022, Mr He entered into a preliminary sale and purchase agreement to sell House 7 for $56m. He acknowledged that, pursuant to his earlier undertaking, the net proceeds of sale (after the discharge of incumbrances and deduction of expenses) would be paid into the aforesaid designated account.

C. THE APPLICABLE PRINCIPLES

11.  The main issue between the parties is whether the Plaintiff has established that there is a solid basis for concluding that there is a real risk of unjustified dissipation of assets by the Defendants. There is no dispute as to the applicable principles governing this issue, which were considered recently by the Court of Appeal in Convoy Collateral Ltd v Cho Kwai Chee and others[2020] HKCA 537 at [35] to [53]. For present purposes, I particularly bear in mind that:

11.1 The ultimate question is whether a claimant succeeds in showing, objectively, a solid basis for concluding that there is a real risk of unjustified dissipation of assets by a defendant.

11.2 What must be threatened is unjustified dissipation; the purpose of a Mareva injunction is not to provide a claimant with security.

11.3 In order to establish a sufficient risk of dissipation, it is not enough merely to establish a good arguable case that the defendant has been guilty of dishonesty; the question is whether such dishonesty points to the conclusion that assets may be dissipated. It is also necessary to take account of whether there appear to be properly arguable answers to the allegations of dishonesty.

11.4 The assessment as to whether there is a real risk of dissipation involves an evaluative and predictive judgment. The evidential burden can be satisfied by drawing proper inferences from a holistic consideration of all the circumstantial materials that are indicative of risk, including matters which point against such risk.

11.5 The courts have been vigilant in scrutinising the allegations in a claim with care before drawing the inference of risk of dissipation.

11.6 Dishonest or wrongful acts which are themselves not acts of dissipation may nevertheless be relevant to the issue of dissipation.

11.7 Evidence of dishonest and fraudulent conduct or other serious wrongdoing which form the basis of the claims, and which reflect adversely on the integrity of the defendant, may point powerfully towards an inference of such risk.

12.  The burden lies on the claimant to prove the risk of dissipation; the respondent does not bear any burden to disprove it: at Re Chau Cham Wong Patrick [2016] 2 HKLRD 278 at [43].

13.  The court will not restrain a person from dealing with his assets in the usual or ordinary course of a lawful business, even if the business involves a degree of risk or speculation. That said, there may be cases where the defendant seeks to put his assets to a use which is so speculative or so different from his ordinary or usual activities that a freezing order should be made: Perry v Princess International Sales & Services Ltd [2005] EWHC 2042 at [28].

D. WHETHER REAL RISK OF DISSIPATION

14.  In her written submissions, counsel for the Plaintiff Ms Tara Liao relies on the following matters in support of the submission that there is a real risk of unjustified dissipation of assets by the Defendants.

14.1 The Defendants have low commercial morality and a track record of evading judgments by relocating to a different jurisdiction.

14.2 The Defendants sold the Hung Hom Flat and House 7 under unfavourable conditions.

14.3 There was a risk that the Defendants would relocate to London.

D1. Sale of Hung Hom Flat and House 7

15.  I deal with the sale of the Defendants’ properties first as it was the sale of the Hung Hom Flat, and the discovery that House 7 had been put on the market for sale, which triggered the Plaintiff’s concern that the Defendants were dissipating their assets.

16.  Mr He’s evidence is that the Hung Hom Flat and a shop in Hung Hom were purchased in around 2007 in order for Mr He and Ms Wang to apply for the Capital Investment Entrant Scheme. Mr He set up a business in 2008. However, since late 2019, the business was affected by social unrest, and the pandemic, and Mr He and his wife had to take out various mortgages and loans in order to keep the business running. In 2020, they decided to sell the Hung Hom Flat in order to repay some of those loans and mortgages. He produced a letter from the solicitors of the purchase enclosing the cheques used to pay the purchase price, showing that the most of the sale proceeds of the Hung Hom Flat were used to discharge mortgages over the property, leaving just $655,136.94 to be paid to Ms Wang.

17.  On the basis of this evidence, which is not disputed, it does not seem that the sale of the Hung Hom Flat evidences an indication to dissipate assets. Most of the proceeds went towards repayment of mortgages.

18.  As for House 7, the Plaintiff says that (a) it was first listed for sale in August 2019, after the commencement of the current proceedings in April 2019 and another action against the Defendants in March 2019, (b) the stated reason for sale, being the defects of the House, was not credible, (c) House 7 was sold for $56m, which is below the purchase price of $58m paid in 2017 and also the $68.8m asking price, (d) House 7 was heavily encumbered with mortgages of around $47m, leaving only around $9m in net proceeds, (e) there is no credible explanation of why the Defendants sold their family home in these unfavourable conditions or where the family will live after the sale.

19.  Against this, I note the following.

19.1 Mr He produced some correspondence written by solicitors on his behalf, dating back from August 2018 up to July 2019, making complaints to the developer of House 7 about the defects in the property. This is consistent with his evidence that he and Ms Wang encountered defects in the property shortly after the family moved into House 7 in 2017, which caused them trouble up to at least August 2019, and that this (coupled with their children having travelled overseas for studies) was the reason why they put the property on the market at that point in time.

19.2 In a WeChat message of 22 August 2019, Mr He asked his estate agent to put the property on the market at $73m, given that the three-year period in which special stamp duty had not yet lapsed at the time; he also indicated that if the transaction could be deferred to May 2020, the price could be reduced to $70m. This does not appear to be conduct indicative of an attempt to effect a quick sale upon the receipt of a writ.

19.3 In a WeChat message of 1 November 2019, Mr He asked his estate agent to take House 7 off the market for the time being as a good price could not be achieved. Again, this is not consistent with an attempt to dissipate assets.

19.4 House 7 remained off the market until March 2020, when Mr He appointed Centaline Property Agency to sell the property at $65m. It was at one point listed at a price of $68.8m. It remained unsold until February 2022, almost two years later. Again, this does not suggest an attempt to achieve a quick liquidation of an asset so as to dissipate it.

19.5 Whilst the sale price of $56m is below the asking price and the original purchase price, I note there is no direct evidence as to the market price of the property at the time of sale. The neighbouring house (House 8) was sold for $60.8m in November 2021; it is not suggested by the Plaintiff that this is an inappropriate ballpark indication of market value for House 7. Mr He says that the estate agent misunderstood his instructions that his bottom line was $58m and that the asking price was mistakenly set at $58m, leading to an eventual transaction at $56m. Leaving aside whether this was indeed the case or not, I do not consider that the level of the sale price could be said to be so low as to be a strong indication of an intention to dissipate assets by way of a “fire sale”. Nor can any conclusion as to dissipation be drawn from the fact that only $9m in net proceeds can be realised.

20.  I have given thought to the point that given that since no further complaints about the defects in House 7 appear to have been made after July 2019, and that since the Defendants’ children had returned to Hong Kong for their education, the original rationale for the sale of House 7 in August 2019 would have been overtaken by events, and it would have been open to the Defendants to revisit their decision to sell the property. Furthermore, the Defendants have not indicated where the family would live after the sale of the family home. However, it seems to me that notwithstanding these gaps in the evidence, on a consideration of the evidence as a whole in relation to the sale of House 7, the conduct of the Defendants in relation to the sale is not such as to provide a solid basis for inferring a real risk of unjustified dissipation of assets.

21.  As Ms Liao submitted, “there appear to be a range of commercial reasons as to why Ds did not push for a quick sale of House 7 in 2019”, namely, (a) that the Defendants would have had to pay special stamp duty in the event of a sale before May 2020, and (b) that the Defendants had “little motivation to push for a quick sale” by marking down the price, as they would have had little left after paying off the mortgages. If so, this would in fact undermine the claim that the Defendants were selling the property in dissipation of their assets.

D2. Low commercial morality and track record of evasion by relocation

22.  It was submitted that the Defendants relocated to Hong Kong in about 2019 to evade judgment debts in the mainland (under the Judgment and the Other Judgments).

23.  However, Mr He’s evidence, supported by copies of the visas of the Defendants, is that he and Ms Wang emigrated to Hong Kong in 2009. He says that the Defendants subsequently acquired permanent residency in 2016. The Defendants therefore submit that their relocation was not, and could not have been, for the purpose of evading any of the judgments obtained in the mainland, which date from 2013 onwards.

24.  The Plaintiff says that the Defendants’ claim to have no knowledge about the Other Judgments is not credible.

24.1 The plaintiff in the first of the Other Judgments sought to enforce the judgment in Hong Kong against the Defendants in HCA 535/2019, and the Defendants acknowledged service in the proceedings and indeed applied for and obtained security for costs against the plaintiff.

24.2 In the same case and two other ones, the plaintiffs guaranteed loans advanced to Yiwu Taihe Packaging Limited, and the Defendants provided guarantees to the plaintiffs, which were not honoured. The Defendants were officers of the company at the relevant time and Mr He remains a 51% shareholder.

24.3 In two further cases, the plaintiffs were banks which advanced loans to Zhejiang Feixing Bi Ye Company Limited, and the Defendants provided guarantees to the banks, which were not honoured. It is said that the company is closely connected to the Defendants as its director and shareholder is Mr He’s father.

25.  The Plaintiff further points out that in two judgments relating to execution of the Other Judgments, the Yiwu City People’s Court of Zhejiang Province noted the Defendants’ failure to perform their obligations and report the status of their assets, and placed them on a “list of dishonest persons” subject to execution and restriction of consumption.

26.  There are indeed questions over the credibility of the Defendants’ claim of ignorance about the Other Judgments. In the 4th Affirmation of He Bin, Mr He says that it was not possible to find four of the judgments on the official website, but as the Plaintiff points out, there should have been sufficient time for the Defendants to instruct PRC lawyers to seek to retrieve copies from the court had they so wished. Furthermore, the Defendants have not put forward any evidence to rebut the points made by the Plaintiff as to why the Defendants must be aware of the proceedings to which five of the Other Judgments relate.

27.  On the other hand, I note that the Plaintiff’s own PRC lawyers were unable to obtain copies of two of the judgments. They were able to obtain copies of the other judgments (which were then produced in the Plaintiff’s reply affidavit evidence). As Ms Esther Mak, counsel for the Defendants, submitted, it appears that the judgments had been obtained in the mainland courts in the Defendants’ absence, and there was no evidence that either these judgments or the proceedings in question had been served on the Defendants.

28.  In any event, even if the credibility of the Defendants’ affidavit evidence as to their knowledge of the Other Judgments is doubtful, and even if the Defendants have failed to pay judgment debts, it does not necessarily follow that one should infer a risk of dissipation. The ultimate question is whether the Plaintiff succeeds in showing objectively that there is a solid basis for concluding that there is a real risk of unjustified dissipation of assets by the Defendants. See Convoy Collateral, supra, at [53], [56]; Lin Chien Cheng v Hui Chi Keung[2019] HKCFI 2686 at [32].

29.  Ms Liao’s argument is that the Plaintiff does show such a risk, as it can be inferred that the Defendants migrated to Hong Kong to evade liability for their judgment debts in the mainland, and indeed, that they have a “track record” of migration to avoid such debts. However, given that the Defendants had in fact moved to Hong Kong in 2009, several years before any of the Other Judgments were entered against them, that on the face of the available judgments they were stated to have been entered in the Defendants’ absence, that it is not clear to what extent under the relevant mainland legal procedures the Defendants would have been made aware of the proceedings and judgments, and that the Plaintiff’s claim in the current proceedings is not based on dishonest or fraudulent conduct on the part of the Defendants, then, although I harbour doubts as to the Defendants’ evidence regarding the Other Judgments, I nevertheless cannot say that this forms a solid basis for concluding that there is a real risk of unjustified dissipation of assets by the Defendants.

D3. Risk of relocation to London

30.  The Plaintiff relies on the hearsay evidence from the Defendants’ helper, obtained when a paralegal from the Plaintiff’s solicitors’ firm visited House 7 in August 2021 (on the pretext of being a potential buyer of the property) and struck up a casual conversation with the helper. The helper said that her employers planned to move to London after the pandemic and were therefore trying to sell House 7.

31.  Mr He’s evidence is that the family has aborted the idea of moving to London, his children having returned to Hong Kong for their studies as they could not cope with life in London. He has adduced evidence that the children have enrolled in a school in Hong Kong.

32.  In the circumstances, I do not consider that the conversation with the Defendants’ helper provides any significant support for the submission that the Defendants are seeking to dissipate their assets.

33.  It was the Plaintiff’s further submission that the Defendants have a track record of relocating in order to evade judgments, so that the intended move to London is part of a pattern of behaviour. As earlier observed, the Defendants in fact moved to Hong Kong a few years before judgments were obtained against them in the mainland. I do not consider that the submission is made out.

D4. Delay

34.  Ms Mak submitted that in any event, the Plaintiff’s delay in applying for injunctive relief militates against any finding of a real risk of dissipation. House 7 was publicly marketed, and the Other Judgments are in the public domain, with enforcement proceedings for many of them having been taken out in the mainland over eight years ago, in 2013.

35.  Delay per se does not necessarily bar relief; the ultimate question is still whether the plaintiff is able to show a real risk of dissipation despite the delay: Convoy Collateral, supra, at [78].

36.  To the extent that delay, or lapse of time, is relevant to the consideration of the issue of the risk of dissipation, I have addressed this above (for example, in relation to the timing of the sale of House 7).

37.  Insofar as delay may suggest that the Plaintiff does not genuinely believe that there is any risk of dissipation, I accept Ms Liao’s submissions that the Plaintiff became concerned only in late June 2021 when it discovered that the Hung Hom Flat had been sold, and it was only subsequently that it learned of the existence of House 7. I also accept that it is no answer for a defendant to come to the court to say that his horse may have bolted before the gate is shut and then to put that forward as a reason for not shutting the gate: see Madoff Securities International Ltd v Raven [2012] 2 All ER (Comm) 634 at [155].

D5. No solid basis for concluding risk of dissipation

38.  In the circumstances, and considering the matters relied on by the Plaintiff in the round, I decline to find that there is a real risk of unjustified dissipation of assets by the Defendants.

E. BALANCE OF CONVENIENCE

39.  Given my views above, it is not necessary for me to go on to consider the Defendants’ submission that the balance of convenience is against the grant of an injunction.

F. DISPOSITION

40.  I dismiss the Summons. I further make a costs order nisi that the Plaintiff pay to the Defendants the costs of and occasioned by the Summons, to be taxed if not agreed.

 (Yvonne Cheng)
 Judge of the Court of First Instance
 High Court

Ms Tara Liao instructed by Ho & Associates, for the Plaintiff

Ms Esther Mak instructed by S.T. Cheng & Co., for the 1st and 2nd Defendants