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Civil Action2023

香港平民屋宇有限公司 對 譚蕙蘭

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[2026] HKDC 29-CH-2026-01-08

香港平民屋宇有限公司 對 譚蕙蘭

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DCCJ 5505, 5507, 5509及5582/2023

[2026] HKDC 29

香港特別行政區

區域法院

民事訴訟2023年第5505號

-------------------------------------

原告人THE HONG KONG SETTLERS HOUSING CORPORATION LIMITED 
 (香港平民屋宇有限公司) 
 及 
被告人YAN KWOK YIP (甄國業) 

-------------------------------------

香港特別行政區

區域法院

民事訴訟2023年第5507號

-------------------------------------

原告人THE HONG KONG SETTLERS HOUSING CORPORATION LIMITED 
 (香港平民屋宇有限公司) 
 及 
被告人CHO CHEUK CHEE AMY (曹綽芝) 

-------------------------------------

香港特別行政區

區域法院

民事訴訟2023年第5509號

-------------------------------------

原告人THE HONG KONG SETTLERS HOUSING CORPORATION LIMITED
 (香港平民屋宇有限公司) 
 及 
被告人KWAN WAI KIN (關偉建) 

-------------------------------------

香港特別行政區

區域法院

民事訴訟2023年第5582號

-------------------------------------

原告人THE HONG KONG SETTLERS HOUSING CORPORATION LIMITED 
 (香港平民屋宇有限公司) 
 及 
被告人TAM WAI LAN (譚蕙蘭) 

-------------------------------------

主審法官:區域法院法官陳錦泉內庭聆訊(公開)
聆訊日期:2025年12月31日
判決日期:2025年12月31日
判決理由書日期:2026年1月8日

--------------------------

判決理由書

--------------------------


1.  這四宗香港平民屋宇有限公司開展的案件在2025年9月22、25及30日與另外一宗案 (DCCJ 5546/2023) 在本席前一併審訊。在2025年10月23日,本席頒下判案書[2025] HKDC 1800(「該判案書」),判平民屋宇勝訴,命令該五宗案的各被告人交還他們個別在大坑西新邨的單位的空置管有權給平民屋宇。本席亦在該判案書第105段,以暫准方式命令各被告人須向平民屋宇支付其相關案件的訟費,包括所有保留訟費,連同大律師證書。

2.  在這判決理由書,本席會沿用在該判案書裡的所有簡稱及定義。

3.  現在,這四宗案的各被告人提出下列的申請:

5505案甄先生:  甄先生親自行事,發出日期為2025年11月4日的2張傳票,分別申請 (1) 更改暫准訟費命令及 (2) 上訴許可

5507案曹女士:  曹女士親自行事,發出日期為2025年11月5日的傳票,申請 (1) 更改暫准訟費命令及 (2) 上訴許可

5509案關先生:  關先生親自行事,發出 (1) 日期為2025年11月4日的傳票,申請更改暫准訟費命令,(2) 日期為2025年11月5日的傳票,申請暫緩執行收樓命令及 (3) 日期為2025年11月17日的傳票,申請上訴許可

5582案譚女士:  由律師代表,發出日期為2025年11月20日的傳票,申請 (1) 上訴許可及 (2) 暫緩執行訟費命令

4.  在聆訊時,經聽罷各方陳詞後,本席拒絕各被告人的上述申請。聽罷訟費陳詞後,本席根據訟費跟隨本審訊結果的原則,命令各被告人支付平民屋宇的訟費,但只是在5509案關先生及5582案譚女士的申請發出大律師証書。本席亦說會在今天頒下書面判决理由書。

法律原則

上訴許可

5.  《區域法院條例》第336章第63A條訂明,除非有關擬上訴有合理機會得直,或有其他有利於秉行公正的理由,因而該上訴應進行聆訊,否則不得批予上訴許可。而所指的合理機會得直,不須要是相對於敗訴更加大的機會得直,但該上訴得直的機會須要合理的,而不是空想的(SMSE v KL [2009] 4 HKLRD 125;Hong Kong Civil Procedure 2025 §59/2A/4)。

訟費

6.  根據《區域法院規則》第62號命令第3條規則:

「(1) 除本命令另有規定外,任何法律程序的一方,除非根據區域法院的命令,否則無權向任何另一方追討該等法律程序的任何訟費或附帶費用。

(2) 區域法院在行使其酌情決定權時,如認為適合就任何法律程序(非正審法律程序除外)的訟費或附帶費用作出任何命令,則除本命令另有規定外,區域法院須命令該等訟費須視乎訴訟結果而定,但如區域法院覺得就有關案件的情況而言,應就該等訟費的全部或任何部分另作命令,則屬例外。」(後加強調)

7.  所以,任何一方若欲推翻訟費跟隨本審訊結果的一般原則,須負舉證責任證明有足以構成例外處理的特殊情況(Hong Kong Civil Procedure 2025,§62/3/3)。

8.  經濟能力負擔不來不是免卻訟費責任的理由(Li Kim Sang Victor 對 陳綺霞  HCA 481/2008,2015年5月13日,第15段)。

暫緩執行法庭命令

9.  上訴法庭在 劉華 訴 香港醫務委員會[2024] HKCA 157第7段闡明有關原則:

「(1) 討論這議題的起始點,是勝訴一方不應被剝奪訴訟的成果,而勝訴一方在暫緩執行命令發出後會蒙受甚麼不利這點,通常也會是一項相關的考慮;

(2) 雖然法庭在進行暫緩執行申請聆訊時,不適合太深入地考慮上訴理據的勝算,但亦須就此作初步評估;

(3) 倘若法庭認為申請方有很大機會上訴得直,這本身已足以構成發出暫緩執行令的良好理由;

(4) 不過,如果申請方所提出的上訴理由僅具合理得直的機會而不是強而有力,他便必須提出其他額外原因,闡明為何法院應暫緩執行判令。其中一種常見的理由,是倘若不發出暫緩執行令,即使上訴一方最終能上訴得直,結果也是徒然;

(5) 申請暫緩執行法庭命令一方,最低限度亦需要說服法庭,他有可爭辯的上訴理據(即是說有合理機會上訴得直),法庭才會考慮同意發出暫緩執行令。即使情況有多特別,倘若案件本身並沒有可爭辯的上訴理據,法庭亦不會發出暫緩執行令」。

5505案甄先生

10.  就申請上訴許可,甄先生在日期為2025年11月4日的誓章中,只是說:

“(1) 反對收樓

(2) 當年爺爺(甄聖樹)買下光民村第三區地段第93號房舍,因重建沒有賠償,口頭應承給現住民興樓2樓217室作補償”。

11.  甄先生只是表示「反對」及重複他在審訊時的案情和論點。本席在該判案書裡亦已闡明不接受甄先生的案情和論點作為不交出管有權的原因,而甄先生並未指出本席在法律應用或事實裁斷上有任何錯誤。

12.  再者,就所謂的「口頭應承」,甄先生在原審時的抗辯書及證人陳述書中,從未提及或依賴任何口頭承諾,他在原審時的抗辯完全是基於甄聖樹租購合約(5505答辯書, §12 [5505/A/2/15-16])。

13.  上訴庭已經多番指出和述明,單單重複執拗在初審時提出的案情和論點,並不能夠滿足證明擬上訴有合理機會得直的要求(Ho Sin Ying v Chan Yui Ling & Another (unreported, CACV 221/2013, 14 November 2014) at §§2及3;Wong Myra Repizo v Ling Fung Coach and School Service Co Ltd & Another, CACV 64/2015, unreported, 7 December 2015, §21; Norman Guy Donald and Another v Lee Michael Chak Chuen in His Capacity as Executor of the Estate of Li Pak Iu and Others[2024] HKCA 403 §15)。

14.  由於甄先生未能提出有合理機會得直的上訴理據,本席拒絕他的上訴許可申請。

15.  就更改暫准訟費命令,甄先生在他另外一份日期同為2025年11月4日的誓章中,只是說“本人光民村原居民,不接受無理收樓訴訟和相關費用”。本席理解甄先生不服本席的判案,亦繼續認為平民屋宇無理收樓,但這些都不是可以支持更改暫准訟費命令的理據。所以,本席亦拒絕甄先生更改該暫准訟費命令的申請。

5507案曹女士

16.  曹女士在她日期為2025年11月5日的誓章中說:

“(1) 本人並沒有霸佔民興樓430單位

(2) 目前為止仍未得到平民屋宇妥善安置,並即將流離失所,現暫住母親家

(3) 本人預產期11月16日(附件一)

(4) 本人現時沒有任何工作,現時只靠積蓄照顧母親及將出生的嬰兒”

該附件一是日期為2025年5月23日由醫院管理局發出的「產/病假證明書」。

17.  明顯地,曹女士在該誓章中只是訴說她的個人景况,所提出的,在法律上並非上訴理據,亦非更改該暫准訟費命令的理據,更不能顯出她的擬上訴有合理機會得直。本席在審訊時已經表達,希望平民屋宇能夠重新審視曹女士没有回遷資格的決定,或體恤曹女士的景况,給予曹女士額外恩恤的安排。當時平民屋宇答覆,不會重新審視該決定,亦只能夠給曹女士與其他没有回遷資格的租戶同等的補償。在這裡,本席只能夠再一次表達,希望平民屋宇作出以人為本的恩恤考慮。

18.  由於曹女士的申請沒有法理依據,本席必須拒絕曹女士的兩項申請。

5509案關先生

上訴許可申請

19.  關先生在他日期為2025年11月17日的誓章中㚒附了共7頁以英語草擬的Grounds of Appeal,包含十項Ground of Appeal,而每一項下都包含多個細項,對多項背景事情等作出爭辯。

20.  就關先生的上訴許可申請,本席一定要首先指出下述的審訊情況。在審訊時,代表關先生的杜大律師的書面開案陳詞第6段,指出關先生在抗辯及反申索書中提出了4個抗辯理由,包括「允諾不容反悔原則」、「擁有人不容反悔原則」、「管制免責條款條例」及「不合情理交易」。但在該書面開案陳詞中,只對「租約內有持續更新租約的隱含約定」這個抗辯理由作出陳述,對其他的卻没有。所以,在口頭開案陳詞時,本席要求杜大律師對關先生的抗辯理由作出開案及說明。當時杜大律師說明,及經本席再詢問時確認,關先生(及馬女士和譚女士)都放棄抗辯書提出的其他抗辯理據,只依賴 (1) 有關租約第II(26)條是無效的,及 (2) 有關租約有隱含約定,租戶有權繼續佔用有關單位除非他們欠交租金或不遵守租約的其他條款(見該判案書第29及32段)。由於平民屋宇反對,本席當時判定關先生不能夠依賴有關租約有該隱含約定作為抗辯理由,因為該抗辯理由並沒有在關先生的抗辯書裡提出。於是,審訊在上述杜大律師的說明和確認及本席的判定下進行:(1) 杜大律師未有就現在草擬Grounds of Appeal提及的背景文件,作出任何開案介紹或論點,或對平民屋宇的證人作出任何盤問,(2) 當關先生作口頭證供時,代表平民屋宇的馮資深大律師對他完全不作出任何盤問,及 (3) 在2025年9月25日證供完畢後,押後至2025年9月30日作口頭結案陳詞,期間各方準備書面陳詞。

21.  但在2025年9月30日早上,關先生申請撤走法律代表,改為親自行事作出結案陳詞。聽罷各方陳詞,本席向關先生解釋,容許這個改變的先決條件,是關先生不能夠撤回或改變杜大律師之前在審訊中代表他所作的立場。本席亦向關先生解釋箇中原因,就是如果以改變法律代表作為原因,容許關先生推翻之前在審訊中確認的立場,意味平民居宇對關先生案的整個審訊要由頭開始,好讓平民居宇有公平的機會再次處理開案,證供及重新預備書面結案陳詞,這都是民事審訊程序不容許的。經過法庭容許時間給關先生多番考慮後,他決定接受該條件,並基於該條件,本席容許關先生改為親自行事,作出結案陳詞(見該判案書第7段)。

22.  上述審訊情況對上訴許可申請的重要性,就是關先生現在不能夠以法庭未有處理或未有詳盡處理其他跟「有關租約第II(26)條是無效的」這個抗辯理由以外的事情,包括多份1950年代、60年代、70年代歷史背景文件等等,作為上訴理據。亦不能以上訴為借口,基本上在上訴理據中重新爭論在審訊時沒有提出、沒有依賴、或已經放棄的事情。

23.  現在的擬Grounds of Appeal完全不是針對在該判案書裡對「有關租約第II(26)條是無效的」這個抗辯理據的分析和判定,而是涉及其他事情。所有,只是基於這點,本席認為關先生的擬上訴沒有合理機會得直。

24.  雖然如此,但為了完整性及如果關先生到上訴法庭重新申請上訴許可時,上訴法庭得到適切的協助,本席會繼續簡略地處理擬Grounds of Appeal內投訴的項目。

25.  Ground 1投訴 “Procedural Unfairness and Failure to Address Submissions”。它提出本席沒有處理關先生口頭結案陳詞提及的事情及他在日期為2025年10月20日補充陳詞內的陳述。

26.  本席在該判案書裡第33段,總結了關先生口頭結案陳詞的內容,亦說明基於關先生不能推翻杜大律師已經確定的立塲,本席不會特意處理關先生結案陳詞裡與「有關租約第II(26)條是無效的」這個抗辯理據無關的事情。無論如何亦明顯地,在該判案書裡就相關租購合約的性質及它賦予的權益的分析和判定,都適用於關先生的情況。

27.  關於補充書面陳詞,是源於本席在2025年10月10日發出書面指示,邀請各方對本席初步認為the Emergency (Resettlement Areas) Regulations 1952 and the Resettlement Ordinance 1958就是與本案有關的租購合約(Hire-Purchase Agreement)及銷售協議(Agreement for Outright Sale),及當時政府取消光民邨等相關徙置區內的佔用許可證的相關法律或法律基礎的看法,作出補充陳詞。為方便參考起見,本席引述該書面指示全文:

「1. 當本席查考審訊文件時,留意到:

a. 在甄聖樹租購合約,及其他光民邨平房租購合約,都有以下條款及字眼:

“WHEREAS the Corporation has applied to Government for sites in resettlement areas as well as outside resettlement areas on which to build cottages or houses for rent or hire-purchase :”

“The Occupier hereby agrees that in the event of the letting being determined under clause 9 hereof the Corporation shall have the right to request the Urban Council to cancel the Resettlement Area Permit issued to the Occupier …”

“14. During the continuance of this letting the Occupier shall have the option of purchasing from the Corporation the premises comprised in this letting. … On payment of such purchase price the letting shall come to an end and the said premises shall become the property of the Occupier and the Corporation do all such acts and things as may be necessary for vesting the said premises in the Occupier subject to the terms and conditions of the permit issued by the Government.”

b. 徙置事務處處長給謝慧荷女士日期為1961年5月20日的信裏提及:

“… 本處長之根據居住許可證普通章程第四項及1958年徙置條例第41節第三項通告閣下 … 許可證將於1961年8月21日由本處長執行取消”

2. 本席翻查當年的法律條例,得悉有

a. The Emergency (Resettlement Areas) Regulations 1952 (made under section 2 of the Emergency Regulations Ordinance Cap 241) Rules made by the Urban Council - 該規例列出大坑西為其中一個 “Resettlement Area” 及賦予權力給the Secretary of Urban Council發出許可證佔用 “Resettlement Area” 裏面的建築物。

b. Resettlement Ordinance 1958(即上面提及的 1958年徙置條例),這條例廢除及取代The Emergency (Resettlement Areas) Regulations 1952。該條例第37節及內裏的2nd Schedule, 列出大坑西為其中一個 “Cottage Resettlement Area”;根據它的第41節及45節,“a competent authority” 有絕對權力取消包括大坑西徙置區內的佔用許可證。

3. 本席初步認為上述提及的條例,就是與本案有關的租購合約(Hire-Purchase Agreement)及銷售協議(Agreement for Outright Sale),及當時政府取消光民邨等相關徙置區內的佔用許可證的相關法律或法律基礎。

4. 由於上述法律條例未有在審訊時提及,本席現在邀請及准許任何一方,如果希望的話,可以在2025年10月20日或之前,就上述提及的法律條例,呈上及送達補充書面陳詞,但陳詞長度限於7頁纸內。」(原本強調)

28.  該書面指示第4段清楚明示各方只是對上述法律條例及本席的初步看法作出補充陳詞。但是,關先生在他的書面補充陳詞裡,作出多方面的辯論,包括辯論很多與他在審訊中已經放棄,甚至是他的抗辯書裡未有提及的其他抗辯理據的事情。所以,對其他各方公平,本席在判案時没有亦不會理會這些其它的陳述。

29.  Ground 1作為上訴理據沒有合理機會得直。

30.  Ground 2至Ground 8可以概括一併處理。它們的題目分別如下:

Ground 2  -  “Mistranslation and Misinterpretation of “Permanent Re-provision” (1952-1959)”

Ground 3  -  “Misapplication of the 1952 Government Undertaking and Subsequent Assurances (1954-1961)”

Ground 4  -  “Misconstruction of the ‘Points of Agreement” (27 Nov 1958; subsequent 1959) and the Tung Tau/Kwong Man Village Issue”

Ground 5  -  “Erroneous Finding that the 1952 Undertaking Was Fulfilled”

Ground 6  -  “Tenancy Estoppel and the Historical Quasi-Public Nature of HKSHC”

Ground 7  -  “Failure to Address Key Evidence, Historical Submissions and Apparent Bias (1952-1959)”

Ground 8  -  “Failure to Recognise Successor Rights”

31.  在這七項Grounds of Appeal,提及下列歷史背景文件,本席在旁邊提供這些文件的正式名稱及在審訊文件夾的頁數 (如果有的話):

(a)  “27 November 1958 Government letter” - 即是副財政司向平民屋宇發出日期為1958年11月27日的信及其附件 [B/4/18-20]

(b)  “Colonial Secretary letter (4 Oct 1952)” - 輔政司向平民屋宇發出日期為1952年10月4日的信 [B/3/17]

(c)  “Points of Agreement (27 Nov 1958)” - 副財政司向平民屋宇發出日期為1958年11月27日的信及其附件 [B/4/18-20]

(d)  “23 May 1955 memo” - ?

(e)  “28 Oct 1957 memo” - ?

(f)  “24 Dec 1954 memo” - ?

(g)  “1961 letter from Mr Li Fook-shu” - 李福樹先生在1961年5月26日致謝慧荷先生之信 [5507/C/4/10]、[5509/C/4/40] 及 [5546/C/5/64]

(h)  “HKSHC letter (19 Jun 1984)” - 平民屋宇發予傳媒編輯的信件 [B/8/51-52]

(i)  “Government letter (25 Aug 1959)(fresh evidence)” - ?

(j)  “Government memorandum dated 19 May 1952 (fresh evidence)” - ?

(k)  “Further Government memoranda dated 14 and 24 December 1954 (fresh evidence)” - ?

32.  上列(d)、(e)、(f)、(i)、(j)及(k)項文件,都不能在各案共用的「審訊文件夾B」或「5509案審訊文件夾C」裡找到。

33.  就這些歷史文件,在Ground 2至Ground 8關先生都提出不同的執詞,爭拗他們內容的意思和重要性,和本席對它們有什麽錯誤理解等等。本席認為,作為處理上訴許可申請的考慮,本席不需要逐一就這些執詞個别考慮,反而,本席會處理以下重點。

34.  第一,關先生參考這些歷史背景文件,在Ground 6及Ground 7道出他的中心或主線說法:

“Ground 6 - …

1. The learned Judge erred by analysing the Respondent [sic, should be the Plaintiff] solely as a modern private landlord, disregarding the historical context in which HKSHC was founded and operated in the 1950s-60s as a quasi-public housing body established to assist Government in relieving housing crisis.

2. While the Judicial Review judgment subsequently confirmed HKSHC’s present status as a private company, that decision did not and could not extinguish the historic public functions and representations made by HKSHC and Government at the time of the settlers’ purchase or hire-purchase. The residents’ property and contractual expectations arose within that earlier quasi-public frame work and therefore remain legally and equitably relevant.

…

Ground 7 – …

1. The Court failed to engage with the Appellant’s case that the 1952-1959 historical record is indispensable to construe obligations under the Government-HKSHC framework” (本席後加强調)

35.  無論關先生形容平民屋宇是quasi-public housing body這點是對或錯,重點的是關先生的結論,是他有依然有效的 “property and contractual expectations” 和平民屋宇在所謂的 “Government-HKSHC framework” 底下,對關先生有某些 “obligations”,令到平民屋宇現在不能收樓。本席不理解這些結論的理據和邏輯,更加不同意這結論。高浩文法官已經在HCAL 1600/2024 案(見 [2025] HKCFI 3715)判定平民屋宇不受公法司法覆核的管轄。而本席在該判案書裡,根據確立的土地權益法律及租務法律判定本案。本席認為關先生上面的論調毫無法律根據。

36.  第二,關先生在Ground 5指出他的家庭是從東頭村搬入大坑西新村,所以 “the Points of Agreement therefore apply to him in exactly the same way as Kwong Man Village settlers”。本席在該判案書第60至68段分析及判定,不接納各被告人指稱指相關租購合約,包括5509案內 (就東頭村第12區地段第55號房舍簽署) 的李超租購合約,令他們仍保留或享有任何相關的產權或衡平法權益。

37.  第三,關先生在Ground 2投訴在該判案書第13段中,本席闡述輔政司向平民屋宇發出日期為1952年10月4日的信的內容時, 錯誤接納平民屋宇對“permanent re-provision” 一詞的翻譯為「長久安置」,而正確的翻譯應該是「永久安置」。本席認為「長久」更加合適,在那封信裡 “permanent development” 明顯地是指長遠發展,或長久發展,而不是永久發展,如果翻譯成為永久發展,那麽 “permanent development” 就不可能再有 “re-development” 了,因為「永久」,是永遠的意思。無論如何,關先生這執拗完全不影響判案結果。

38.  第四,在Ground 7題目中,關先生用 “Apparent Bias” 作為上訴理據之一,但完全沒有提供任何內容,本席對這沒有支持的指控不予理會。

39.  總結而言,Ground 2至Ground 8作為上訴理據,沒有合理得直機會。

40.  Ground 9指本席沒有給予Article 10 of the Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance (Cap 383) 任何比重。原因非常簡單,因為關先生在他的抗辯書裡並沒有提出這條文作為抗辯理由。Ground 9沒有合理得直機會。

41.  Ground 10指本席發出的訟費命令不公正 “Contrary to Charitable and Public Interest”。關先生認為由於平民屋宇是非牟利機構,所以正確的訟費命令是沒有訟費命令。這完全是謬論,非牟利機構的財政資源,不是用來津貼提出沒有理據及敗訴的與訟人,讓這些與訟人不用支付律師費,肆意和沒有後果地打敗訴的官司。

42.  基於上述所說,本席拒絕向關先生發出上訴許可。

暫緩執行收樓命令

43.  基於本席認為關先生的擬上訴完全沒有合理勝訴機會,已經可以拒絕暫緩執行收樓命令。但本席接受關先生的陳述,指被強制遷出對他有頗大影響,本席亦傾向給關先生一點時間向上訴庭申請上訴許可,但不會暫緩收樓直至擬上訴完成為止,因為這樣會拖延大坑西新村重建計劃和令到其它已經接受了遷出補貼正在等待重建完成的過千租戶,面臨用盡租金補貼的危險,亦令到平民屋宇有機會需要支出龐大的額外租金補貼。

44.  在聆訊時,陸大律師代表平民屋宇向法庭及甄先生,曹女士及關先生承諾(譚女士已經交出她單位的管有權):

「原告人承諾不會在2026年2月1日之前強制收回現在各被告人涉案單位的管有權」

45.  陸大律師表明由現在至2026年2月1日,平民屋宇會繼續進行準備強制收樓的程序,但只會在當日或以後執行。

46.  本席認為該承諾能夠合適地平衡大坑西新村重建的迫切,其它已經接受了遷出補貼的過千租戶的利益,及給予關先生足夠時間向上訴庭申請等待上訴的暫緩執行收樓命令。所以,本席接納該承諾,及基於該承諾,拒絕關先生暫緩執行收樓的申請。

更改暫准訟費命令

47.  在關先生日期為2025年11月4日的誓章裡,他說明他其實是申請「暫緩或中 [sic] 止執行訟費命令」。他提出的理據,是他提出的上訴具爭辯理據,他有經濟困難,如果上訴得直,已繳訟費無法追回,反而平民屋宇資源充足,短期暫緩不會對它造成實質損害。

48.  由於關先生的擬上訴沒有合理得直機會,而提出的其他理由都不是暫緩訟費命令的理據,所以本席亦拒絕他暫緩訟費命令的申請。

5582案譚女士

49.  本席直接地完全引述譚女士的四點上訴理據,如下:

“(1) 原審法官錯誤判斷光民村的居住證已被撤銷,居民便要遷出,之後的10年期安置及以低廉租金租住建成後的大坑西邨單位,被告人及家人未有被剝削或不公平對待。事實上全港所有徙置區在重建清拆過程中,居民的居住證皆備注銷,但不影響居民的安置及繼續租住新建單位。

(2) 原審法官對不容反悔的原則錯誤判斷,以付錢購買光民村房屋者已有該屋的擁有權,政府及平民屋宇不得干預,居民是信任及倚賴政府及平屋的承諾,提前交出房屋的佔用權及擁有權,犧牲了其固有權益,才換取了大坑西邨的租住權。

(3) 原審法官對永續租約錯誤判斷,雖然在60年來的續租約內,沒有定名 [sic] 永續租約條款,但這個不斷重複的無間斷續租行為,已進行了60年了,居民皆有一合理期望可居於村內,此一雙方皆和順地履行了60年的契約行為,以證明有一潛在的永續租約存在。

(4) 原審法官犯了原則性的錯誤,認同原告人的做法,將本次訴訟的範圍僅限於一業主與租客之間的退租問題,完全單一地根據租約條文,業主可在不再與租客續簽租約的情況下,雙方的租務關係便已經終止,業主並可隨時將租客趕出有關租住的單位。原審法官完全忽略了原告人並不是一商業上的土地及其上述樓宇單位的業主,而是因為輔助50年代港英政府的徙置及公共房屋政策應運而生的非牟利有限公司,根據其公司章程,其公司的最重要亦算是唯一的功能,是提供房屋予 (i) 被批核為可被徙置的居民;(ii) 被原告人批核的人士,而有關土地地契的批地條文,也是要原告人根據其公司章程,提供房屋予低收入人士。”

50.  本席亦先要指出,譚女士的情況亦與關先生的類似,就是在審訊時,代表她的杜大律師,在審訊時說明及確認只依賴隱含約定及租約第II(26)條無效這兩點作為抗辯理據(見該判案書第32段)。所以,譚女士現在不能以在審訊没有依賴的事情或論點 - 上訴理據 (1)、(2) 及 (4) - 作為上訴理據。

51.  但為了完整性,本席亦逐一討論該些上訴理據。

52.  上訴理據一:在本審訊中根本完全沒有證供顯示譚女士現在聲稱的「全港所有徙置區在重建清拆過程中,…,居民的安置及繼續租住新建單位」的情況。上訴理據一沒有合理得直機會。

53.  上訴理據二:就不同的被告人以相關租購合約及銷售協議「購買」不同的光民村單位的事宜,本席在該判案書第57至68段,考慮和分析了當時的事實背景,管轄徙置區及訂明相關權益的法例,相關租購合約及銷售協議的條文內容,闡明和判定各被告人家庭「購買」了的權益、性質和範圍。本席亦判定,當時光民村居民搬離光民村,是因為政府取消了許可證,政府亦作出了安排遵守了1952年政府承諾。本席亦在該判案書第75段,判定李福樹先生在1961年5月26日致謝慧荷先生之信中沒有作出各被告人聲稱的允諾。譚女士現在只是概括和空泛地聲稱本席「錯誤判斷」,完全沒有指出本席在該判案書裡的一步步分析,在那裡出現事實或法律上的判斷錯誤。

54.  上訴法庭在馮國雄 對 張淑霞及另三人[2025] HKCA 1128第20段再一次指出:

“20. 根據上訴庭重覆強調的法律理據及原則,上訴機制的用意是要求上訴人針對原審法官的判案書,指出哪些地方犯錯,和扼要地提出是根據甚麼理由指稱原審法官犯錯。但是,若上訴的理據只是再次提出及重覆曾經提出而被原審法官否決的論點,而沒有針對原審法官否決的理由提出反駁的理據,這些理據並不能被視為有效的上訴理據,見:李智慧 及 昆士蘭保險 (香港) 有限公司[2021] HKCA 984第11段;秦錦釗 及 香港特別行政區[2018] HKCA 167第8段。”

55.  上訴理據二沒有合理得直機會。

56.  上訴理據三:譚女士只是重複她在審訊時的論點,而空泛地聲稱有錯誤判斷,並未有指出在該判案書第82至92段的分析和討論在那裡和有什麼出錯。上訴理據三沒有合理得直機會。

57.  上訴理據四:譚女士投訴法庭將本案視為一般的業主與租客糾紛。這是一個空泛的投訴,沒有指出根據什麽法律原則或法例,本案不應以管轄業主與租客的相關法律處理,更加沒有指出如果不根據業主與租客的相關法律,那麽根據那些法律原則處理。本席在另外一宗有關大坑西新村的判案書裡(DCCJ 47/2024, [2025] HKDC 2116第20段),闡明普遍確立的法律原則,是「一個業主公司自家的性質(牟利或非牟利,慈善或盈利),賺取利潤與否,或賺多少利潤,是否對政府或其他監管機構有交代的責任,都不構成租客在租約期滿後不交回租賃物業管有權的理據」。亦即是說,平民屋宇自己的章程,和它配合當時政府,提供適切住房給當時有需要的人的行徑,及政府以優惠價錢供地予平民屋宇等等,都不等同就此賦予了每一個受慈善恩惠的租客一個在法律上認定,永遠都不需要搬出的權利(見該判案書第86段)。本席認為上訴理據四沒有合理得直機會。

58.  基於上述所說,本席亦拒絕向譚女士發出上訴許可。由於她的擬上訴沒有合理得直機會,本席亦拒絕她暫緩訟費命令的申請。

59.  本席感謝陸大律師,羅大律師及許大律師的協助。

  ( 陳錦泉 )
區域法院法官

DCCJ 5505/2023

原告人:  由胡百全律師事務所委派的陸栩然大律師及羅鈞培大律師代表

被告人:  沒有律師代表,並親自應訊

DCCJ 5507/2023

原告人:  由胡百全律師事務所委派的陸栩然大律師及羅鈞培大律師代表

被告人:  沒有律師代表,並親自應訊

DCCJ 5509/2023

原告人:  由胡百全律師事務所委派的陸栩然大律師及羅鈞培大律師代表

被告人:  沒有律師代表,並親自應訊

DCCJ 5582/2023

原告人:  由胡百全律師事務所委派的陸栩然大律師及羅鈞培大律師代表

被告人:  由Mohnani & Associates委派的許瑩瑩大律師代表

[2025] HKDC 1800-CH-2025-10-23

香港平民屋宇有限公司 對 譚蕙蘭

HTML content

DCCJ 5505, 5507, 5509, 5546及5582/2023

[2025] HKDC 1800

香港特別行政區

區域法院

民事訴訟2023年第5505號

-------------------------------------

原告人THE HONG KONG SETTLERS HOUSING CORPORATION LIMITED
(香港平民屋宇有限公司)
 
 及 
被告人YAN KWOK YIP (甄國業) 

-------------------------------------

香港特別行政區

區域法院

民事訴訟2023年第5507號

-------------------------------------

原告人THE HONG KONG SETTLERS HOUSING CORPORATION LIMITED
(香港平民屋宇有限公司)
 
 及 
被告人CHO CHEUK CHEE AMY(曹綽芝) 

-------------------------------------

香港特別行政區

區域法院

民事訴訟2023年第5509號

-------------------------------------

原告人THE HONG KONG SETTLERS HOUSING CORPORATION LIMITED
(香港平民屋宇有限公司)
 
 及 
被告人KWAN WAI KIN (關偉建) 

-------------------------------------

香港特別行政區

區域法院

民事訴訟2023年第5546號

-------------------------------------

原告人THE HONG KONG SETTLERS HOUSING CORPORATION LIMITED
(香港平民屋宇有限公司)
 
 及 
被告人MA MEI MEI (馬媚媚) 

-------------------------------------

香港特別行政區

區域法院

民事訴訟2023年第5582號

-------------------------------------

原告人THE HONG KONG SETTLERS HOUSING CORPORATION LIMITED
(香港平民屋宇有限公司)
 
 及 
被告人TAM WAI LAN (譚蕙蘭) 

-------------------------------------

主審法官:區域法院法官陳錦泉法庭聆訊
審訊日期:2025年9月22日, 25日及30日
原告人及關偉建補充陳詞日期 :2025年10月20日
判案書日期:2025年10月23日

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判案書

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A. 簡介

1.  根據本席早前發出的案件管理命令,本五宗案件的審訊本來和DCCJ 5614/2023及DCCJ 39/2024的審訊一併進行。DCCJ 5614/2023及DCCJ 39/2024分別在開審前數日和審訊第二日達成和解。

2.  原告人香港平民屋宇有限公司(「平民屋宇」)是在1952年以私人擔保有限公司方式註册成立的非牟利慈善機構。在下述的背景下,它在1964-67年間建成大坑西新邨。該邨是香港唯一的私人出租屋邨,為低收入家庭提供租金遠低於市場水平的私人租住房屋。

3.  基於大坑西新邨已經變得相當破舊,缺乏電梯及其他設施,亦未有效使用該地段的發展潛力,自2010年代,已經有重建的需求。在2020年,平民屋宇與市區重建局終於達成了合作意向,並於2021年3月8日簽署了大坑西新邨重建項目的合作備忘錄,計劃最快5年內完成重建,提供共3,300餘個單位,比原有1,603個單位多出一倍,而其中2,058個單位,將會供市區重建局的「首次置業」計劃使用(「該重建項目」)。

4.  為推展該重建項目,平民屋宇在期間有不同的協助提供給租戶,亦在2021年下旬安排了多個簡報會,並在2023年6月正式公佈租戶回遷安排及時間表的資料,向符合回遷資格的租戶提供回遷安排、租金津貼及搬遷津貼,及向不符合回遷資格的租戶提供特惠搬遷津貼[1]。平民屋宇在開案時指,超過99%的租戶已經自願交回單位的管有權。

5.  自2023年底,平民屋宇以業權擁有人及業主的身份,向未交回單位管有權的租戶開展訴訟,包括本五宗案,要求收回他們單位的空置管有權。其間,其中一位被告租戶[2],就平民屋宇向選擇回遷租戶只發放一次性租金津貼的決定及將她逐出其單位的決定,提出司法覆核許可申請,被高等法院駁回[3]。

6.  本五宗案的被告人,涉及的單位及該單位的租約到期日,如下:

案件被告人單位租約到期日
DCCJ 5505/2023
(「5505案」)
甄國業
(「甄先生」)
民興樓217室2021年10月31日
DCCJ 5507/2023
(「5507案」)
曹绰芝
(「曹女士」)
民興樓430室2021年9月30日
DCCJ 5509/2023
(「5509案」)
關偉建
(「關先生」)
民興樓530室2022年7月31日
DCCJ 5546/2023
(「5546案」)
馬媚媚
(「馬女士」)
民強樓104室2022年6月30日
DCCJ 5582/2023
(「5582案」)
譚蕙蘭
(「譚女士」)
民樂樓307室2023年4月30日

7.  平民屋宇由馮柏楝資深大律師,陸栩然大律師及罹鈞培大律師代表。甄先生及曹女士就親自行事。馬女士及譚女士由杜加栩大律師代表。關先生在審訊前部份都是由杜加栩大律師代表,在結案陳詞前,在關先生不得推翻之前由杜大律師代他確認的理據與立場的條件下,本席容許關先生的申請,撤去其代表律師,改為親自行事完成結案陳詞。

B. 背景

8.  各被告人對基本歷史背景及各自家庭的入住背景,都有一定的倚賴。就這些背景的基本事實,平民屋宇與各被告人没有爭議,爭議的是對它們的演釋和看法。

B.1. 基本歷史背景

9.  於1952年9月3日,一群社會賢達成立平民屋宇這個非牟利慈善機構,旨在為當時居住環境惡劣及有需要的人提供安置,包括在1953年,因石硤尾大火而無家可歸的棚戶區居民。

10.  各被告人強調及倚賴成立平民屋宇的慈善宗旨及目的。他們載於平民屋宇公司章程,包括第3(a)、(c)及(f)條[4]:

“3. The objects for which the Company is established are:-

(a) To apply to the Hong Kong Government for sites on such terms and conditions as may be agreed between the Government and the Company for the building of huts and houses for the occupation by settlers approved by the Government and by other residents whose total incomes do not exceed an amount from time to time decided by the Company (such settlers and such residents being hereinafter referred to as “approved occupiers”).

…

(c) To develop and turn to account any sites or any land acquired by or in which the Company is interested, and in particular by laying out and preparing the same for building purposes, constructing, altering, pulling down, decorating, maintaining, furnishing, fitting up and improving buildings, and by paving, draining, letting on building lease or building agreement, and by advancing money to and entering into contracts and arrangements of all kinds with builders, approved occupiers and others.

…

(f) To sell or let to approved occupiers any of the huts, houses, flats, buildings or any part of the property and rights of the Company upon such terms and conditions as the Company may from time to time determined.”[5]

11.  當時,平民屋宇向政府提出及請求撥出土地,以容許平民屋宇興建石屋平房以安置災民。當時政府批出地段作安置,並承諾所有平民屋宇在核准之地段上所建租賃或租購之平房由建成日起計十年內,政府不予干涉,除非因公共目的需用該地,倘有此等事情發生,政府當出資在他處建屋補償[6](「1952年政府承諾」)。

12.  平民屋宇於是在包括位於現在大坑西新邨之光民村,興建石屋平房安置災民。該等平房主要以兩種方式分配予居民:(a) 出售:以1,492元一次過付款授給居民,或 (b) 租購:以分期付款方法按月繳交35元,七年之後交滿84期一共2,940元後,該平房歸於居民所有。

13.  在1958年,當時政府計劃收回光民村平房,以作建造大坑東至石峽尾之間的道路及作永久的發展。平民屋宇與政府達成共識 [7],包括:(1) 平民屋宇建議以多層式大廈安置其平房位於永久發展用地而又不希望政府長久安置的租戶,(2) 政府同意撥出合適的土地予平民屋宇,以安置上文第(1)段所述的租戶;此外,政府亦承諾撥出其他合適土地予該平民屋宇,讓其擴展業務,(3) 平民屋宇同意協助政府即時清拆位於大坑西的平房,以便興建連接大坑東及石硤尾的道路,並於稍後清拆位於日後可能需要作永久發展的土地上的其他平房,(4) 在平民屋宇提供長久安置居所前,政府承諾把因該清拆而要遷出的租戶暫時安置在徙置屋邨,但租金安排如下,(5) 對向平民屋宇還未完成租購繳款的租戶,他們在還未向平民屋宇完成繳款的剩餘期間,向政府繳交標準租金,對已經完成所有繳款的租戶,他們在十年期裏餘下的時間,不須要向政府繳交任何租金;在十年期過去後,所有租戶都要向政府繳交標準租金(「遷出光民村租金安排」)[8]。

14.  於1961年5月,政府以優惠價格向平民屋宇授予了新九龍內地段4479號,即九龍大坑西(「該地段」)。該地段之批地條件列明:

(a) 特殊條件2(a)規定,平民屋宇必須在該地段上按照其章程所規定的宗旨,為低收入人士建造並完成不少於1,600個單位。

(b) 特殊條件2(d)規定:

“(d) The grantee shall not sell, assign, mortgage or charge the said land or any part thereof or enter into any agreement so to do without the consent in writing of the Government given in respect of each and every such disposition who as a condition of granting consent may impose such restrictions terms and conditions whether in respect of the amount of the sale price or the amount to be raised on mortgage (at the case may be) or in respect of the form of any assignment, mortgage or charge or other deed or document by which any transaction is effected or otherwise as he may see fit provided always that nothing in this clause contained shall be deemed to apply to or restrict the letting of the flats or other dwellings on the land by the grantee to the tenants who will reside therein, the grantee through its Executive Committee being fully empowered to control the management of the said flats or other dwellings and the letting of the flats or other dwellings on short term tenancies.”[9]

15.  於同年年中,政府徙置處(Resettlement Department)取消向大坑西徙置區平房發出的佔用許可證[10],並正式發出清遷通知及安置的安排,包括提及「香港平民屋宇有限公司經已表示,大坑西徙置區住戶將來可遷回該區內新建大廈居住,惟欲遷回之住戶必須與外界人仕同樣受該公司所訂之租住章程所管制。該區內受遷拆之全體認許住戶名單將於遷拆日期前由本處送交該公司。」[11]。

16.  多位被告人在其抗辯書引述及依賴平民屋宇時任秘書兼司庫李福樹先生在1961年5月26日致謝慧荷先生之信[12]。本席將該信的全部內容引述:

“敬覆者頃接

閣下來函並附徙置事務處清拆屋宇通函壹份已悉一切查該通函內容所載乃屬香港政府發展計劃之一部其原意擬將該地區改建為更完善及可安置更多居民之屋宇將來一俟建築完成對原有之居民當可優先安置諒 閣下亦希望有此完善之屋宇得以久居也至閣下與敝公司所簽訂之合同雖仍有效但該合同開始已載有條文如左:

「現政府已允撥給此項地段與本公司并予保證凡本公司在核准之地段上所建租賃或出售之房舍由建築完成日起計在拾年內政府不予干涉除非該地因公共目的需用時不在此限但倘有此等事情發生政府當出資在他處建屋以補償之」

敝公司與政府所訂定之合約亦如上述現政府在有條件下收回閣下之屋宇實無可厚非尚希盡力協助玆特先行函覆并將附件退還容日敝公司當有正式通告送達此致

九龍大坑西光民村第三區第129B號謝慧荷先生 …”(原有强調)

17.  在1964年至1967年間,平民屋宇在該地段上建成共7座7至10層高的住宅大樓,最後在1981年,民泰樓亦落成,即今日的大坑西新邨,一共提供1,603個單位。自此之後,選擇回遷到大坑西新邨的光民村住戶及一些申請及獲批准的合資格人士與平民屋宇定時簽訂租約,成為大坑西新邨的租戶。

B.2. 各被告人家庭入住大坑西新邨及相關的背景

18.  關於5505案(甄先生,民興樓217室),甄先生的家庭入住大坑西新邨及相關的背景如下:

(a) 甄先生之祖父甄聖樹[13]與平民屋宇簽署日期為1956年4月24日關於光民村第3區地段第93號房舍的“Agreement for Hire-Purchase”(「甄聖樹租購合約」) [14],當中的前言記載了1952年政府承諾及其他有關條款包括:

“WHEREAS the Corporation has applied to Government for sites in resettlement areas as well as outside resettlement areas on which to build cottages or houses for rent or hire-purchase :

AND WHEREAS Government has granted the Corporation such sites and has further undertaken that no house built by the Corporation on an approved site for rent or hire-purchase would be disturbed by Government before the expiry of ten years from the date of its erection unless the land was required for a public purpose in which event the house would be re-provisioned elsewhere at the expense of the Government:

…

1. The Corporation will let and the Occupier will take on hire as from the date hereof (or as from the 1st day of March 1953) ALL THAT house or cottage being HOUSE NO. 93 on the District 3, Kwong Man Village site.

2. The Occupier will during the continuance of the letting pay to the Corporation … DOLLARS 35 every month by way of rent …

…

14. During the continuance of this letting the Occupier shall have the option of purchasing from the Corporation the premises comprised in this letting. … On payment of such purchase price the letting shall come to an end and the said premises shall become the property of the Occupier and the Corporation do all such acts and things as may be necessary for vesting the said premises in the Occupier subject to the terms and conditions of the permit issued by the Government.

15. If the Occupier shall duly perform and observe all the stipulations and conditions in this Agreement … and shall in the manner aforesaid pay to the Corporation monthly sums by way of rent amounting in aggregate to the sum of Dollars Two Thousand Nine Hundred and Forty ($2,940) and shall also pay to the Corporation all other sums of money which may become payable to the Corporation by the Occupier under this Agreement the letting shall come to an end and the said house shall become the property of the Occupier …”

(b) 於1964年,甄聖樹向平民屋宇提交「大坑西新邨住屋申請書」[15]。該申請書明確要求由負責繳納「租金」者填報。另外,在該申請書 (F) 欄備考,甄聖樹特別填寫「小孫甄國嚴剛由台灣返港懇請准予加入戶口并配十人住屋一間」[16]。

(c) 現有文件顯示,平民屋宇與甄孔衡[17]就民興樓217室最遲於1973年3月12日,簽訂一份租約[18],當時每月租金為港幣125元[19]。

(d) 大約於1982年9月8日,甄聖樹的兒子甄趙華向平民屋宇提交另一份「大坑西新邨住屋申請書」[20]。在1982年11月2日,平民屋宇與甄趙華就民興樓217室簽訂租約[21]。當時每月租金為港幣310元。在租約中的租戶家庭清單中[22],李宜珍(Lee Yee Chun)被列為甄趙華的妻子,而甄先生則為他的兒子。租戶家庭清單的用意是由於在租約第2(21)條下該單位僅供租戶及附表所列家庭成員居住[23]。

(e) 在1991年10月2日,甄趙華妻子李宜珍向平民屋宇提交「大坑西新邨住屋申請書」[24]。甄先生繼續列入租戶家庭清單中[25]。

(f) 在1997年1月28日,甄先生、甄國宏、甄麗冰及馬麗嫦致函及簽署信件,表示由於李宜珍去世,同意由甄國端申請做該單位的新戶主[26]。

(g) 在1997年10月9日,甄國端正式向平民屋宇提交他的「大坑西新邨住屋申請書」[27]。

(h) 在1998年6月17日,平民屋宇與甄國端就民興樓217室簽訂租約[28],當時每月租金為港幣1,200元[29]。甄先生繼續列入租戶家庭清單中[30]。

(i) 在2019年4月21日,甄先生向平民屋宇提交他的「大坑西新邨住屋申請書」[31]。

(j) 在2020年1月22日,平民屋宇與甄先生就民興樓217室簽訂租約[32](「5505租約」),當時每月租金為港幣1,200元[33]。民興樓217室租約的到期日為2021年10月31日[34]。

(k) 至少在2020年1月至2023年8月期間,甄先生均有繳交租金[35]。

(l) 在2023年6月2日,平民屋宇通知甄先生他符合回遷資格[36]。

(m) 在2023年8月31日,平民屋宇代表律師發出「終止租約通知書」,通知甄先生5505租約將於2023年9月30日終止,及須於該日前遷出該單位[37]。

19.  關於5507案(曹女士,民興樓430室),曹女士的家庭入住大坑西新邨及相關的背景如下:

(a) 平民屋宇與曹玉笙,即曹女士的祖父[38],於1956年3月28日就光民村第1區地段第11號房舍簽署“Agreement for Outright Sale”[39](「曹玉笙銷售協議」),當中的前言記載了1952年政府承諾及其他有關條款包括:

“WHEREAS the Corporation has applied to Government for sites in resettlement areas as well as outside resettlement areas on which to build cottages or houses for rent or hire-purchase or for outright sale :

AND WHEREAS Government has granted the Corporation such sites and has further undertaken that no house built by the Corporation on an approved site for rent or hire-purchase would be disturbed by Government before the expiry of ten years from the date of its erection unless the land was required for a public purpose in which event the house would be re-provisioned elsewhere at the expense of the Government:

…

1. In pursuance of such Agreement and in consideration of the sum Dollars [illegible] to the Corporation now paid by the Purchaser (the receipt whereof the Corporation hereby acknowledges) the Corporation hereby assigns unto the Purchaser ALL THAT house or cottage situated at being HOUSE NO …, TO HOLD the same unto the Purchaser his executors administrators and assigns absolutely SUBJECT to the terms and conditions of the Permit issued by the Government and Subject to the payment of the annual fee hereinunder mentioned.

2. …

3. The Purchase hereby covenants with the Corporation that the Purchaser will henceforth pay to Government such Permit Fee as is from time to time lawfully payable and will perform and observe the terms and conditions of the Permit issued by the Government.”

(b) 於1964年8月12日,曹玉笙向平民屋宇提交他的「大坑西新邨住屋申請書」[40]。當中列明該申請書應由負責繳交「租金」者填報[41]。在家人現況一表中,趙珍被列為曹玉笙的妻子,曹可炘被列為兒子,曹麗華被列為養女[42]。

(c) 最遲在1973年3月12日,平民屋宇與曹玉笙就民興樓430室簽訂租約[43],當時每月租金為港幣60元[44]。

(d) 於2014年2月19日,平民屋宇收到曹女士母親梁順明及其女兒曹雪瑩交來兩份「更改戶主/家庭成員申請表」,表示梁順明女士及曹雪瑩已成功申請公屋德朗邨,所以向平民屋宇申請取消在大坑西新邨的戶籍並遷出[45]。

(e) 於2014年10月12日,平民屋宇收到曹女士交來一份「更改戶主/家庭成員申請表」,表示其母親梁順明及其長姐曹雪瑩已經申請公屋及搬離該單位,因此由曹女士申請成為該單位戶主[46]。

(f) 於2014年12月3日,平民屋宇收到曹女士[47]交來一份「大坑西新邨住屋申請書」[48],在該申請書中列明應由負責繳交「租金」者填報[49]。曹女士填寫職業為美容顧問,每月平均收入為港幣33,987元[50]。

(g) 於2015年2月26日,平民屋宇與曹女士就民興樓430室簽訂租約[51],當時每月租金為港幣560元[52]。

(h) 於2017年12月20日,曹女士向平民屋宇提交「更改戶主/家庭成員申請表」,申請增加其丈夫鄭志平同住於該單位[53]。

(i) 於2019年11月27日,平民屋宇與曹女士就民興樓430室再次簽訂租約(「5507租約」)[54],當時每月租金為港幣560元[55]。民興樓430室租約的到期日為2021年9月30日[56]。

(j) 在租約日期結束後,至少在2023年2月至2023年7月期間,曹女士均有繳交租金[57]。

(k) 於2023年7月24日,平民屋宇通知曹女士一家不符合回遷資格[58],原因為曹女士及其丈夫並非以該單位作為其唯一居所[59]。

(l) 於2023年8月31日,平民屋宇代表律師發出「終止租約通知書」,通知曹女士5507租約將於2023年9月30日終止,及須於該日前遷出該單位[60]。

20.  關於5509案(關先生,民興樓530室),關先生的家庭入住大坑西新邨及相關的背景如下:

(a) 於1956年6月2日,李超[61] 與平民屋宇就東頭村第12區地段第55號房舍簽署“Agreement for Hire-Purchase”[62](「李超租購合約」)。它的相關條款,與上面18(a)段引述了在甄聖樹租購合約內的條款一樣,所以不在此再覆述。

(b) 於1964年9月14日,李超向平民屋宇提交他的 「大坑西新邨住屋申請書」[63],內裏清楚列明由負責繳交「租金」者填報[64]。在家人現況一表中只有陳好被列為李超的妻子[65]。

(c) 最遲在1973年3月12日,平民屋宇與李超就民興樓530室簽訂租約[66],當時每月租金為港幣60元[67]。

(d) 於1976年10月5日,李超向平民屋宇提交一封信件,內有一張有關其家庭成員持續增加而重新填報的成員名單[68]。李超指出,關先生自幼父母相繼身亡,向平民屋宇申請增加關先生為李超的誼子成為其家庭成員,希望平民屋宇批准關先生可居住在該單位。

(e) 於1977年1月25日,平民屋宇與李超就民興樓530室再次簽訂租約[69],當時每月租金為港幣71元[70]。關先生以誼子身份列入租戶家庭清單中[71]。

(f) 於1989年9月20日,李超向平民屋宇提交一封信件指出其妻子已離世,通知平民屋宇把其戶籍取消 [72]。

(g) 於2001年8月17日,平民屋宇的職員發現有人搬離大量傢俱,當日便向李超以電話查詢[73]。李超當時回答,他因為健康理由搬到觀塘居住,而該單位則由關先生的哥哥居住,及後關先生則會返回該單位居住。平民屋宇的職員於同日下午2時15分約見關先生並清楚說明該單位只供認可人士居住,否則平民屋宇會收回該單位,關先生當時表示明白及同意會遵守。

(h) 在2013年6月27日,關先生向平民屋宇提交一份「離世家庭成員報告表及新戶主申請表」[74],內容指因李超經已離世,關先生要求申請成為戶主。

(i) 在2020年7月31日,平民屋宇與關先生就民興樓530室簽訂租約(「5509租約」)[75],當時每月租金為港幣560元[76]。民興樓530室租約的到期日為2022年7月31日[77]。

(j) 在租約日期結束後,至少在2023年2月至2023年7月期間,關先生均有繳交租金[78]。

(k) 於2023年6月2日,平民屋宇通知關先生他不符合回遷資格,原因為關先生並非以該單位作為其唯一居所[79]。

(l) 於2023年8月31日,平民屋宇代表律師發出「終止租約通知書」,通知關先生5509租約將於2023年9月30日終止,及須於該日前遷出該單位[80]。

21.  關於5546案(馬女士,民強樓104室),馬女士的家庭入住大坑西新邨及相關的背景如下:

(a) 於1956年8月29日,程羅音與平民屋宇就光民村第“H.S”區地段第27號房舍簽署“Agreement for Hire-Purchase”[81](「程羅音租購合約」)。它的相關條款,也與上面18(a)段引述了在甄聖樹租購合約內的條款一樣,所以也不在此再覆述。

(b) 於1964年8月10日,程羅音丈夫洪子明[82]向平民屋宇提交「大坑西新邨住屋申請書」[83]。當中清楚列明該申請書應由負責繳交「租金」者填報[84]。後來,洪子明一家獲分配一個6人單位[85]。

(c) 最遲在1973年4月26日,平民屋宇與洪子明就民強樓104室簽訂租約[86],當時每月租金為港幣85元 [87]。

(d) 在1973年12月18日,洪子明向平民屋宇提交一封信函交代其女兒轉名事宜,以助平民屋宇更新登記 [88]。

(e) 在1983年12月20日,洪子明再簽訂一份為期兩年的租約[89]。

(f) 於大約2007年7月18日,洪炳漢以洪子明的兒子身份就該單位向平民屋宇提交一份「更改住戶/家庭成員申請表」[90],內容是指戶主洪子明患了老人癡呆症,並附上由醫院管理局發出的醫生證明。而洪炳漢同年亦提交「大坑西新邨住屋申請書」[91],申請成為戶主。

(g) 在2008年5月23日,平民屋宇與洪炳漢就民強樓104 室簽訂一份為期兩年的租約[92],當時每月租金為港幣680元[93]。馬女士以妻子身份列入租戶家庭清單中[94]。

(h) 於2010年6月28日,洪炳漢同時向平民屋宇提交了兩份「更改住戶/家庭成員申請表」,分別為其媳婦及孫兒申請加人成為該單位的家庭成員[95]。

(i) 於2017年6月20日,馬女士向平民屋宇提交的「大坑西新邨住屋申請書」[96],該申請書應由負責繳交「租金」者填報[97]。根據平民屋宇當時在備考上寫上,因原租戶過身,該單位的租約批予其妻子[98]。

(j) 於2017年7月25日,馬女士與平民屋宇就民強樓104室簽署為期兩年的租約[99],每月租金為港幣680元[100]。於2019年7月17日,馬女士再與平民屋宇就民強樓104室簽署為期兩年的租約[101]。

(k) 在2021年12月24日,馬女士與平民屋宇就民強樓104室簽訂為期一年租約(「5546租約」)[102],當時每月租金為港幣680元[103]。民強樓104室租約的到期日為2022年6月30日[104]。

(l) 在租約日期結束後,至少在2023年2月至2023年7月期間,馬女士均有繳交租金[105]。

(m) 於2023年6月23日,平民屋宇通知馬女士,除了馬女士女兒因非以該單位作為其唯一居所不符合回遷資格[106],馬女士一戶其他4人均符合回遷資格 [107]。

(n) 於2023年8月31日,平民屋宇代表律師發出「終止租約通知書」,通知馬女士5546租約將於2023年9月30日終止,及須於該日前遷出該單位[108]。

22.  關於5582案(譚女士,民樂樓307室),譚女士的家庭入住大坑西新邨及相關的背景如下:

(a) 於1966年3月19日,李堃向平民屋宇提交「大坑西新邨住屋申請書」[109]。當中列明該申請書應由負責繳交「租金」者填報[110]。在家人現況一表中,譚女士列為李堃的妻子,還有李浩強、李浩堅、李浩富、李浩昌為其子女,潘好為李堃的岳母[111]。

(b) 於1970年4月22日,李堃以民樂樓307室戶主的身份向平民屋宇提交及重新填寫其居住家屬,增加了其女兒李玉琴為該單位家庭成員[112]。

(c) 於1972年8月10日,平民屋宇與李堃就民樂樓307室簽訂為期3年的租約[113],當時每月租金為港幣132元[114]。

(d) 於1995年2月3日,李堃向平民屋宇提交信件[115],指其兒子李浩堅已婚並已遷出該單位,請平民屋宇取消其居住權。李浩堅亦有於信上簽名確認。

(e) 於1995年2月27日,李堃再次向平民屋宇提交了一封信件,指其岳母潘好於1994年11月22日於廣州市孫逸仙紀念醫院病逝,並附上其死亡證副本,請平民屋宇取消其戶籍[116]。

(f) 於2012年3月27日,譚女士以李堃的妻子的身份就民樂樓307室向平民屋宇提交一份「離世家庭成員報告表及新戶主申請表」,內容是指戶主李堃已離世[117]。

(g) 於2014年1月28日,譚女士亦提交了「大坑西新邨住屋申請書」[118],申請成為戶主。申請書清楚列明,應由負責繳交「租金」者填報[119]。

(h) 於2021年5月26日,平民屋宇與譚女士就民樂樓307室簽訂租約(「5582租約」)[120],當時每月租金為港幣860元[121]。民樂樓307室租約的到期日為2023年4月30日[122]。

(i) 在租約日期結束後,至少在2023年2月至2023年7月期間,譚女士均有繳交租金[123]。

(j) 於2023年8月15日,平民屋宇通知譚女士她符合回遷資格[124]。但是,譚女士的3名兒子及1名女兒因非以該單位作為其唯一居所及/或在香港擁有住宅物業[125],而不符合回遷資格[126]。及後,惟平民屋宇基於特別恩恤及體諒,對其女兒個案予以寬大處理,允許其女兒獲回遷資格[127]。

(k) 於2023年8月31日,平民屋宇代表律師發出「終止租約通知書」,通知譚女士5582租約將於2023年9月30日終止,及須於該日前遷出該單位[128]。

C. 平民屋宇收回各單位空置管有權的理據

23.  平民屋宇提出收回各單位空置管有權的理據簡單直接。 馮資深大律師指出下列没有爭議,亦無庸置疑的基本事實。

24.  第一,平民屋宇為大坑西新邨之合法業主 (見該地段的批地條件[129]及土地登記冊紀錄[130])。

25.  第二,沒有爭議的事實背景,是各被告人的上一代家庭成員,就相關單位,自1970年代開始,都與平民屋宇簽訂租約,一直以租戶身份交租及分別佔用相關單位。况且,在各被告人的抗辯書及證人陳述書中,從未質疑相關租約的訂立和其有效性:

5505案 (甄先生)5505案答辯書[131]並未否認租約的有效性或訂立。

甄國業證人陳述書第12段也承認自已一戶「與平民屋宇簽署一份為期三年的租約,之後每一次隔三年或兩年便續簽租約」 [132]。
5507案 (曹女士)曹女士承認民興樓430室租約之有效性[133]
5509案 (關先生)關先生承認民興樓530室租約的有效性[134]
5546案 (馬女士)馬女士承認民強樓104室租約的有效性[135]
5582案 (譚女士)譚女士承認民樂樓307室租約的有效性[136]

26.  第三,毫無疑問相關租約已正式期滿。而沒有爭議的,是各被告人就相關單位都收到平民屋宇發出的「終止租約通知書」,分别通知他們相關租約將於2023年9月30日終止,及須於該日前遷出該單位。而各被告人都没有將他們的單位的空置管有權交還平民屋宇。

27.  基於這些確定事實,依照最基本的法律原則,就是租約期滿後業主有收樓的權利,各被告人必須交還相關單位的空置管有權。馮資深大律師亦強調,平民屋宇雖然是非牟利機構,但這個身份並不影響平民屋宇作為業主收樓的權利。

D. 各被告人有責任成立拒絕交還空置管有權的理據

28.  上面第24-26段提及的事實確實是没有爭議的。本席接納馮資深大律師的陳詞,基於這些事實,平民屋宇有權收回各被告人單位的空置管有權,除非各被告人能夠成立有效的理據來拒絕交還空置管有權,因此,舉證和成立有效的理據來拒絕交還空置管有權的責任在各被告人身上。

E. 各被告人拒絕交還空置管有權的論據

29.  經各被告人在口頭開案陳詞確認後,他們仍然依賴的理據概括而言如下。

30.  在5505案,甄先生親自行事,在其答辯書裏聲稱爺爺根據甄聖樹租購合約,已經交清款項,購入光民村93號屋,遷入大坑西新邨後,擁有民興樓217室,該單位是爺爺的遺產之一,現在屬於他的,他們的家庭已經住在該單位數十年,所交的所謂「租金」,只屬屋邨管理費。而現在平民屋宇強迫他遷出擁有的該單位,提出的賠償和安置非常不合理,因此他有權拒絕遷出。

31.  在5507案,曹女士在審訊中親自行事,她確認依賴當時由律師撰寫的抗辯書裏提出的理據,就是基於光民村的歷史,祖父曹玉笙已經購買了光民村第11號屋,及後同意清拆該11號屋及回遷大坑西新邨,所以根據允諾不容反悔原則(promissory estoppel)和擁有人不容反悔原則(proprietary estoppel)不能夠在沒有回遷安排下,強迫曹女士遷走。況且,5507租約第II(26)條是無效的免責條款。在審訊中,曹女士多次強調,平民屋宇基於她的單位用電和用水量低,就斷定該單位不是她的唯一居所,而不考慮或提供理由為什麽不接受她已經提供的文件證據,證明她的媽媽生病和需要時常去覆診,及她提出的理由,就是因為要照顧媽媽,所以部份時間留在媽媽家裏照顧她的說法。曹女士認為平民屋宇拒絕她有回遷資格的決定,十分不公平,不合理,亦未有體恤她現在懷孕八個月,與丈夫關係又不好,令她感到難受。

32.  5509案、5546案及5582案三位被告人由杜大律師代表。杜大律師在口頭開案陳詞時確認,這三案的被告人放棄抗辯書提出的其他理據,現在只依賴 (a) 有關租約第II(26)條是無效的,及 (b) 有關租約有隱含約定(an implied term),租戶有權繼續佔用有關單位除非他們欠交租金或不遵守租約的其他條款。基於平民屋宇的反對及有該隱含約定的申述只是在5582案經修訂的抗辯書裏提出[137],而未有在5509案及5546案經修訂的抗辯書裏提出,本席裁定該隱含約定理據只可以在5582案提出,而不可以在5509案及5546案提出。

33.  如上面已提及,5509案關先生親自行事結案陳詞。他表達根據李超租購合約,他的家庭已經購入東頭村第12區第55號房舍,有其產權,但被淪為大坑西新邨租客,已經是被出賣和剝削,當時平民屋宇李福樹先生有永久居住的承諾,他應該有永久居權等等。如上面亦提及,關先生改為親自行事的條件,是他不可以推翻審訊期間杜大律師為他確認的理據與立場,所以本席在此只是記錄他的結案陳詞,而不會考慮他提出的,但杜大律師已經確定不依賴的理據。

F. 各被告人的反申索

34.  在5507案、5509案、5546案及5582案的抗辯及反申索書中,曹女士,關先生,馬女士及譚女士都分別提出類似的反申索,要求法庭頒下三個宣告,宣告分别被告人及他/她的登記家庭成員是「被批准的安置戶」(”approved settlers”),有回遷及獲得金錢補貼資格,及不需要被篩選就能夠回遷同樣大細的單位。

35.  在開案陳詞時,曹女士及杜大律師(代表關先生,馬女士及譚女士)都確認不會再繼續他們的反申索。

G. 有關的法律原則

36.  就有關的法律原則,雙方沒有爭議。

G.1. 平民屋宇倚賴的法律原則

37.  租約期滿後,業主有收樓權利。 就定期租約於其屆滿時,會因時間屆滿而自動終止,無須任何通知。在租期完結時,租客必須交還相關物業之佔用,除非其享有法定權利可繼續留住 (見:Woodfall: Landlord and Tenant (Volume 1), 第17.002段[138])。

38.  租客不得挑戰業主無業權(Estoppel by Tenancy)。一般而言,租客基於租約而須受不容反悔之約束,不得爭議業主之業權。正如高等法院上訴庭張澤祐法官於Tang Man Kit and Foo Tak Ching v Hip Hing Timber Co Ltd(未經登載,CACV 137/2002,2005年5月13日)第52至53段所說:

“Estoppel

52. As pointed out by the editors of Hill and Redman’s Law of Landlord and Tenant (17th Ed.) Para 88, this estoppel has two aspects –

(1) A tenant is prevented or estopped from denying the right of his landlord to grant the lease and, conversely, a landlord is prevented or estopped from denying the title of his tenant under the lease.

(2) A person who has no legal estate in the land may nevertheless purport to grant a lease of that land; in that event, there is created between him and his purported tenant a tenancy by estoppel which binds them and their respective successors in title just as if the landlord had a sufficient interest to grant the lease.

53. The position is best stated by Lord Denning MR in Industrial Properties (Barton Hill) Ltd and Others v Associated Electrical Industries Ltd [1977] 1 QB 580:

‘If a landlord lets a tenant into possession under a lease, then, so long as the tenant remains in possession undisturbed by any adverse claim – then the tenant cannot dispute the landlord’s title. Suppose the tenant (not having been disturbed) goes out of possession and the landlord sues the tenant on the covenant for rent or for breach of covenant to repair or to yield up in repair. The tenant cannot say to the landlord: “You are not the true owner of the property.” Likewise, if the landlord, on the tenant’s holding over, sues him for possession or for use and occupation or mesne profits, the tenant cannot defend himself by saying: “The property does not belong to you, but to another.’”

39.  該原則於Woodfall: Landlord and Tenant (Volume 1) 第1.037段,撮要如下:

“It is one of the first principles of the law of estoppel, as applied to the relations between landlord and tenant, that a tenant is estopped from disputing the title of his landlord. This applies to written and oral tenancy agreements as well as to leases under seal. Thus a lessee cannot dispute his lessor’s title by setting up an adverse title, whilst retaining possession and by executing a lease he admits a will under which it is recited that the lease was granted … Every person who comes in under another, whether as tenant, licensee or otherwise, is estopped from denying the title of the person under whom he enters. A tenant cannot dispute the validity of his lease by setting up the title of an earlier tenant ... After the tenancy has come to an end the former tenant continues to be estopped from disputing the title of his former landlord in respect of the period for which he had had possession unless (i) during that period he was disturbed by title paramount or (ii) after the end of the period a claim is made against him by title paramount in respect of some part of the period so that he becomes in peril of an adverse claim.”[139]

40.  合約不容反悔原則(Estoppel by Contract)。合約雙方可以在合約中訂明某一事實狀態為該交易基礎,無論該事實狀態是否屬實,當在合約文件中作出此等協議時,日後雙方皆不得否認所協定之事實,就該協定事實不容反悔。在Peekay Intermark Ltd v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd [2006] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 511, Moore-Bick LJ 在第56段說:

“There is no reason in principle why parties to a contract should not agree that a certain state of affairs should form the basis for the transaction, whether it be the case or not. For example, it may be desirable to settle a disagreement as to an existing state of affairs in order to establish a clear basis for the contract itself and its subsequent performance. Where parties express an agreement of that kind in a contractual document, neither can subsequently deny the existence of the facts and matters upon which they have agreed, at least so far as concerned those aspects of their relationship to which the agreement was directed. The contract itself gives rise to an estoppel.”

41.  慣例不容反悔原則(Estoppel by Convention)。簡而言之,就是雙方基於一項共同及一致之假設而訂立某項交易或法律關係,並依此而行動、進入及推進交易,那麽任何一方就不能夠單方面背離該共同假設,導致對對方不公平及遭受不利。終審法院於First Laser Ltd v Fujian Enterprises (Holdings) Co Ltd (2012) 15 HKCFAR 569再次確定該原則,並在第79段撮要說明成立該原則的要素:

“79. In Unruh v Seeberger (2007) 10 HKCFAR 31 Mr Justice Ribeiro PJ re-stated the essential elements of an estoppel by convention:

(1) the parties entered into some transaction or legal relationship on the basis of an assumption that was shared by or common to them both, and it was the element of commonality of the assumption that marked out estoppel by convention as a distinct form of estoppel;

(2) it must be shown that assumption was communicated between the parties and acted upon, and there must be some mutually manifest conduct by the parties;

(3) there was no necessity for the parties to believe that the assumed state of affairs was true, nor was there any necessity for the parties to have been mistaken;

(4) what is important is for them to act in the belief, manifested by words or conduct, that they are both proceeding with the transaction on the basis of the same shared assumption;

(5) the contents of the common assumption must be sufficiently certain to enable the court to give effect to it;

(6) estoppel by convention is concerned with a common assumption relied upon as a basis upon which the persons sharing such assumptions enter into a transaction or legal relationship; and

(7) there must be an attempt by one party to depart from the common assumption which departure would be unjust because of the part taken by him in occasioning its adoption by the other party, and the other party would suffer detriment arising out of his having entered into the relevant transaction on the basis of the common assumption if the opposite party were afterwards allowed to set up rights inconsistent with the assumption.”

G.2. 被告人分别倚賴的法律原則

42.  允諾不容反悔原則(Promissory Estoppel)。終審法院於Luo Xing Juan v Estate of Hui Shui See (2009) 12 HKCFAR 1第55至57段,指出允諾不容反悔原則可於以下情況下成立,及相關的考慮:

“55. A promissory estoppel may be said to arise where (i) the parties are in a relationship involving enforceable or exercisable rights, duties or powers; (ii) one party (“the promisor”), by words or conduct, conveys or is reasonably understood to convey a clear and unequivocal promise or assurance to the other (“the promisee”) that the promisor will not enforce or exercise some of those rights, duties or powers; and (iii) the promisee reasonably relies upon that promise and is induced to alter his or her position on the faith of it, so that it would be inequitable or unconscionable for the promisor to act inconsistently with the promise.

56. While it is necessary for the purposes of exposition to identify the separate elements of the doctrine, it should be borne in mind that when applying them to the facts, each element does not exist in its own watertight compartment to be kept separate from the others. Each element acquires its meaning and content in the context of the other elements. This was emphasised by Robert Walker LJ in Gillett v Holt in relation to proprietary estoppel in the following terms:

“... the doctrine of proprietary estoppel cannot be treated as subdivided into three or four watertight compartments. ... [The] quality of the relevant assurances may influence the issue of reliance, ... reliance and detriment are often intertwined, and ... whether there is a distinct need for a ‘mutual understanding’ may depend on how the other elements are formulated and understood. Moreover the fundamental principle that equity is concerned to prevent unconscionable conduct permeates all the elements of the doctrine. In the end the court must look at the matter in the round.”

57. Thus in the present case, the meaning of the words or conduct constituting the promise or assurance has to be understood in the light of the parties’ particular relationship and especially in the light of the legal rights or powers exercisable, and known to be exercisable, by the promisor. As the learned authors of Spencer Bower put it, one should put in focus “not simply the actions of the promisor but the proper interpretation to be placed on those actions given the shared background and knowledge of the parties.”

43.  簡而言之,要成立允諾不容反悔,需要成立以下三點:

(a) 當事人雙方之間存在一種涉及可強制執行或可行使之權利、義務或權力的法律關係;

(b) 一方(「允諾人」)透過言辭或行為,向另一方(「受允諾人」)作出,或合理地理解為作出,一項清楚且無歧義之承諾或保證,即允諾人不會行使或執行上述若干權利、義務或權力;及

(c) 受允諾人合理地依賴該項承諾,並因此改變原本之處境,以致若允諾人日後背離承諾,則屬不公允或違反良心。

44.  擁有人不容反悔原則(Proprietary Estoppel)。該原則有三項核心要素(見Thorner v Major [2009] 1 WLR 776,第29段):

(a) 土地擁有人向聲稱擁有人不容反悔原則適用者作出了陳述或保證;

(b) 該聲稱擁有人不容反悔原則適用者合理地依賴了該陳述或保證;及

(c) 因該合理之依賴,使該聲稱擁有人不容反悔原則適用者蒙受損害。

45.  就這些要素,Thorner v Major 有進一步說明:

(a) 相關陳述或保證必須由「土地擁有人」或其獲授權代理人作出(Thorner第29段);

(b) 相關陳述或保證必須涉及指稱作出陳述或保證者所擁有(或擬將擁有)之特定物業(Thorner第61段);

(c) 該相關陳述或保證必須具備足夠清晰性和必須清楚無歧(Thorner第15及56段);及

(d) 聲稱不容反悔原則適用者對該相關陳述或保證的依賴在相關的所有情況下須要是合理的 (Thorner第15段)。

46.  就聲稱擁有人不容反悔原則適用者蒙受損害這要素而言,在Szeto Chak Mei (The Sole Administratrix of the Unadministered Properties of the Late Szeto Chiu, Deceased) v Chan Lam Shan(未經登載,HCMP 836/2012,2016年3月1日)第37-41段,暫委法官Cooney SC總結相關原則,如下:

(a) 陳述或保證與所主張之損害之間,必須存在充分因果關係;

(b) 只限於源自合理信賴之損害方屬相關;倘若損害出自不合理之信賴,則應排除;

(c) 損害不必限於金錢支出或可量化之財務損失,只要屬「實質性」即可。法院應於陳述人試圖反悔之時審視損害問題,判斷損害是否足夠重大,應視乎若允許反悔是否構成不公,換言之,於各情況下否定陳述是否屬「違反衡平良心」行為;

(d) 如損害或失去之利益僅屬推測性,則不應構成相關損害;惟僅因承受之利益只屬「可能」而非「大概」,並不必然否定其可構成不容反悔之基礎;

(e) 於整體審視損害時,法院須一併考慮申索人在因信賴而採取之行為中所同時獲取之利益。因「損害」之成立,須視乎在允許允諾人自由反悔情況下,申索人之整體境況是否較其未曾採取該行為時更差。倘若申索人因該行為已獲得之「抵消利益」足夠重大,則可能阻卻擁有人不容反悔原則之適用。

47.  最後,就濟助而言,衡平法之目的始終是防止或糾正違反良心之行為,於許多案件中,一旦衡平權利確立,履行允諾通常是補救之起點;惟基於實際操作、雙方間之公正、及對第三者之公平,或有需要授予較低或不同之濟助(見Guest v Guest [2024] AC 833 第94段[140])。

48.  就有關租約第II(26)條是無效的論據,杜大律師依賴衡平法的原則,判定該條是「不合情理交易」(Unconscionable Bargain),所以是無效。杜大律師引用Freeway Finance Company Limited v Lai Sau Kei(未經登載,HCA 561/2014, 黎達祥聆案官)第137段:

“137. In para 8-133 of Chitty on Contracts (supra), the learned authors pointed out that:

“The doctrine of unconscionable bargains seems to be limited in three ways. The first is that the bargain must be oppressive to the complainant in overall term; the second that it may only apply when the complainant was suffering from certain types of bargaining weakness; and the third that the other party must have acted unconscionably in the sense of having knowingly taken advantage of the complainant.””

49.  他亦引用澳州案例Commercial Bank of Australia Ltd v Amadio & Anor (1982-1983) 151 CLR 447 Mason J(當時官階)在第461-462頁的闡述:

“Historically, court have exercised jurisdiction to set aside contracts and other dealings on a variety of equitable grounds. They include fraud, misrepresentation, breach of fiduciary duty, undue influence and unconscionable conduct. In one sense they all constitute species of unconscionable conduct on the part of a party who stands to receive a benefit under a transaction which, in the eye of equity, cannot be enforced because to do so would be inconsistent with equity and good conscience. But relief on the ground of “unconscionable conduct” is usually taken to refer to the class of case in which a party makes unconscientious use of his superior power or bargaining power to the detriment of a party who suffers from some special disability or is placed in some special situation of disadvantage, ...

... Relief on the ground of unconscionable conduct will be granted when unconscientious advantage is taken of an innocent party whose will is overborne so that it is not independent and voluntary, just as it will be granted when such advantage is taken of an innocent party who, though not deprived of an independent and voluntary will, is unable to make a worthwhile judgment as to what is in his best interest.

... the situations mentioned are no more than particular exemplifications of an underlying general principle which may be invoked whenever one party by reason of some condition of circumstances is placed at a special disadvantage vis-à-vis another and unfair or unconscientious advantage is then taken of the opportunity thereby created. I qualify the word “disadvantage” by the adjective “special” in order to disavow any suggestion that the principle applies whenever there is some difference in the bargaining power of the parties and in order to emphasize that the disabling condition or circumstance is one which seriously affects the ability of the innocent party to make a judgment as to his own best interests, when the other party knows or ought to know of the existence of that condition or circumstance and of its effect on the innocent party.”(杜大律師後加強調)

50.  馮資深大律師指出,杜大律師亦不爭議,上訴庭於Tong Kwok Cheong v Tong Wai Lin [2014] 1 HKLRD 339第35段,同意及引用Boustany v Pigott (1995) 69 P & CR 298所闡明的原則:

“35. In Boustany v Pigott (1995) 69 P & CR 298, the Privy Council, in Lord Templeman’s judgment at p 303, agreed with the following statements of law:

“(1) It is not sufficient to attract the jurisdiction of equity to prove that a bargain is hard, unreasonable or foolish; it must be proved to be unconscionable, in the sense that ‘one of the parties to it has imposed the objectionable terms in a morally reprehensible manner, that is to say, in a way which affects his conscience’: Multiservice Bookbinding v. Marden [[1979] Ch. 84, 110].

(2) ‘Unconscionable’ related not merely to the terms of the bargain but to the behaviour of the stronger party, which must be characterised by some moral culpability or impropriety: Lobb (Alec) (Garages) Limtied v. Total Oil (Great Britain) Limited [[1983] 1 WLR 87, 94].

(3) Unequal bargaining power or objectively unreasonable terms provide no basis for equitable interference in the absence of unconscientious or extortionate abuse of power where exceptionally, and as a matter of common fairness, ‘it was not right that the strong should be allowed to push the weak to the wall’: Lobb (Alec) (Garages) Limited v. Total Oil (Great Britain) Limited [[1985] 1 WLR 173, 183].

(4) A contract cannot be set aside in equity as ‘an unconscionable bargain’ against a party innocent of actual or constructive fraud. Even if the terms of the contract are ‘unfair’ in the sense that they are more favourable to one party than the other (‘contractual imbalance’), equity will not provide relief unless the beneficiary is guilty of unconscionable conduct: Hart v. O’Connor [[1985] AC 1000] applied in Nichols v. Jessup [[1986] NZLR 226].

(5) ‘In situations of this kind it is necessary for the plaintiff who seeks relief to establish unconscionable conduct, namely that unconscientious advantage has been taken of this disabling condition or circumstances’: per Mason J in Commercial Bank of Australia Ltd. v. Amadio [(1983) 46 ALR 402, 413].”

51.  簡而言之,僅僅證明某交易所謂苛刻、不合理或愚蠢或合約條款偏重某一方的利益,不足以引發衡平法之管轄權,必須證明其屬「不合情理」(unconscionable),包括以違反道德良心之手法強加不合理條款,構成衝擊良心之行為,及強勢一方之行為帶有道德上之責難或不當;只是談判力量不均,不足以招致衡平法之干預,唯有涉及不正當或勒索性地濫用權力,致於公義上不容許強者將弱者「逼至牆角」之情況下,法院方可干預。

52.  Tong Kwok Cheong案第36段,亦闡明舉證該交易屬不合情理之交易的責任由尋求濟助一方承擔。

53.  就隱含條款的適用法律,杜大律師引用英國最高法院在 Nazir Ali v Petroleum Company of Trinidad and Tobago [2017] UKPC 2 第7段的陳述:

“It is enough to reiterate that the process of implying a term into the contract must not become the re-writing of the contract in a way which the court believes to be reasonable, or which the court prefers to the agreement which the parties have negotiated. A term is to be implied only if it is necessary to make the contract work, and this it may be if (i) it is so obvious that it goes without saying (and the parties, although they did not, ex hypothesi, apply their minds to the point, would have rounded on the notional officious bystander to say, and with one voice, “Oh, of course”) and/or (ii) it is necessary to give the contract business efficacy. Usually the outcome of either approach will be the same. The concept of necessity must not be watered down. Necessity is not established by showing that the contract would be improved by the addition. The fairness or equity of a suggested implied term is an essential but not a sufficient pre-condition for inclusion. And if there is an express term in the contract which is inconsistent with the proposed implied term, the latter cannot, by definition, meet these tests, since the parties have demonstrated that it is not their agreement.”

54.  換句話說,若要法庭判定合約裏有要求的隱含條款,該隱含條款必須是明顯至不言而喻,或它必須存在以使該合約在商業上而言成為可行的,而該隱含條款不可與合約任何明文條款相互抵觸。

55.  另外,馮資深大律師亦指出,杜大律師亦不爭議,案例亦確立另外兩個上面未有提及的要求,就是該要求的隱含條款:

(a) 必須是合理及公平的;及

(b) 其內容必須具備清晰表述之可能性。

(見Kensland Realty v Whale View Investment (2001) 4 HKCFAR 381第23及59段)

H. 討論

H.1. 相關租購合約及銷售協議的性質及他們賦予的權益;遷離及清拆光民村

56.  甄先生的主要論據及曹女士其中一個論據,亦是其他被告人多多少少依賴的,是他們的前家庭成員已經透過相關的租購合約或銷售協議,在1950年代時購買了及獲得相關光民村平房的產權,包括在衡平法上的權益 (equitable interest),但被「剝削」,「淪為租客」,覺得十分不合理及不公平。他們十分強調該些合約及協議裏面的字眼,寫明是「租購」或「銷售」。

57.  但是,要得知該相關的租購合約及銷售協議賦予合約及協議方的權益,要透過了解該合約及協議的內容來決定,而不可以只單看個別字眼。雖然合約提及購買,但也要從合約的相關事實背景(factual matrix)及內容,得知購買的主體是什麼。

58.  首先,如平民屋宇指出,事實上在相關的租購合約及銷售協議裏,都沒有識別和訂明(更不用說清楚的識別和訂明)該平房所處於的地段,或夾附任何圖則來顯示和闡明該交易相關的土地資料,包括該土地的大小、形狀、地界線等等,而這些資料及訂明,都是常見於正常的土地樓房買賣合約裏面用來識別和訂明買賣主體 (就是相關地權) 必要的內容。反而,該相關租購合約及銷售協議提及和訂明的主體,只是相關的平房,這是在相關租購合約的第1及15條及銷售協議 的第1條分別訂明的:

“1. The Corporation will let and the Occupier will take on hire as from the date hereof (or as from the ___ day of ___ 195_ ) ALL THAT house or cottage being HOUSE No. ____ on the District ___, Kwong Man Village site.

…

15. If the Occupier shall duly perform and observe all the stipulations and conditions in this Agreement … and shall in the manner aforesaid pay to the Corporation monthly sums by way of rent amounting in aggregate to the sum of Dollars Two Thousand Nine Hundred and Forty ($2,940) and shall also pay to the Corporation all other sums of money which may become payable to the Corporation by the Occupier under this Agreement the letting shall come to an end and the said house shall become the property of the Occupier …”

“1. In pursuance of such Agreement and in consideration of the sum of DOLLARS ________ to the Corporation paid by the Purchaser (the receipt whereof the Corporation hereby acknowledges) the Corporation hereby assigns unto the Purchaser ALL THAT house or cottage situate at being HOUSE NO. _____ on the District ___, Kwong Man Village site, TO HOLD the same unto the Purchaser his executors administrators and assigns absolutely SUBJECT to the terms and conditions of the Permit issued by the Government and Subject to the payment of the annual fee hereinafter mentioned.”

(本席後加強調)

59.  而就地權方面,只是在相關租購合約及銷售協議的前言記載平民屋宇向政府申請而政府批准在徙置區地段內建成平房及1952年政府承諾。

60.  有關這方面,在相關租購合約及銷售協議及其他有關的文件有以下的提及:

(a) 在相關租購合約,都有以下條款提及 “resettlement area”, “Urban Council to cancel the Resettlement Area Permit” 及 “permit issued by the Government” 等內容:

“WHEREAS the Corporation has applied to Government for sites in resettlement areas as well as outside resettlement areas on which to build cottages or houses for rent or hire-purchase”

“10. The Occupier hereby agrees that in the event of the letting being determined under clause 9 hereof the Corporation shall have the right to request the Urban Council to cancel the Resettlement Area Permit issued to the Occupier …”

“14. During the continuance of this letting the Occupier shall have the option of purchasing from the Corporation the premises comprised in this letting. … On payment of such purchase price the letting shall come to an end and the said premises shall become the property of the Occupier and the Corporation do all such acts and things as may be necessary for vesting the said premises in the Occupier subject to the terms and conditions of the permit issued by the Government.”

(b) 在相關銷售協議第1條,如上面引述,也訂明銷售的平房,是“SUBJECT to the terms and conditions of the Permit issued by the Government”;

(c) 根據相關租購合約的第8條及相關銷售協議第3條,相關租戶或購買者都需要在租購期及以後,而相關購買者在購買平房後,仍需要向政府繳交“Permit Fee”;

(d) 徙置事務處處長給謝慧荷先生日期為1961年5月20日的信[141]裏提及:

“ … 本署長兹根據居住許可證普通章程第四項及1958年徙置條例第41節第三項通告閣下 … 許可證將於1961年8月21日由本署長執行取消”。

61.  翻查當年的法律條例,得悉有:

(a) The Emergency (Resettlement Areas) Regulations 1952 (made under section 2 of the Emergency Regulations Ordinance Cap 241) Rules made by the Urban Council「(該1952徙置區規例)」;及

(b) Resettlement Ordinance 1958(即上面提及的1958年徙置條例)(「該1958徙置條例」)。

62.  該1952徙置區規例

(a) 賦予權力給the Secretary of Urban Council發出許可證佔用“Resettlement Area”裏面的建築物 ;

(b) 裏面的第2附表列出包括大坑西的21個徙置區(Resettlement Areas),亦列明每一個徙置區不同大小的平房的許可證收費額(Permit Fee);

(c) 第4條訂明所有許可證都要跟從第1附表裏的表格章程,而該表格章程包括政府可以提早取消該許可證的條款[142]。

63.  在1958年,該1958徙置條例廢除及取代該1952徙置區規例。該1958徙置條例 第37節及其第2附表列出大坑西為15個“Cottage Resettlement Area”的其中一個。根據該條例的第41節[143],該條例適用於該條例生效前蓋建於其第2附表列出的地段(包括大坑西)上的蓋建物。該條例第45節,訂明“a competent authority”(根據該1958徙置條例第2條,由港督指派)有絕對權力取消包括大坑西平房徙置區內的佔用許可證。

64.  該第45節的相關條文,如下 :

“(1) A competent authority may revoke any occupation permit issued in accordance with the provisions of section 43 for breach of condition, whether general or special, or in accordance with such conditions.

(2) On any such revocation the permittee and the dependants, as from the date on which the revocation takes effect, shall be deemed to be trespassers and shall be liable to eviction in manner provided in section 50.

(3) On the issue of a notice revoking the occupation permit, the permittee may remove and dispose of any of the materials of which the building is comprised, subject to the rights of any person thereto.

(4) No court shall entertain any proceedings claiming relief in relation to the revocation of an occupation permit under subsection.

…”

65.  根據該第45節,許可證被取消後,原有許可證持有人及他的依賴者,都被視為非法侵入佔用者,但他們可以根據第(3)款,拿回及搬走用以建蓋該平房的材料;更重要的,是第(4)款訂明任何法院不得受理與根據該節第(1)款撤銷佔用許可證有關之任何申索或救濟訴訟。

66.  現在與各案相關的甄聖樹租購合約,曹玉笙銷售協議,李超租購合約,程羅音租購合約都是在1956年簽訂,所以,它們的相關事實背景(factual matrix),都是根據該1952徙置區規例訂明下的,就是光民村是建於大坑西Resettlement Area內,而該Resettlement Area只是政府當時授權Urban Council指定為徙置區,以許可証方式容許獲批准的人士佔用,而該許可證政府有絕對權力撤銷。 所以,根據該1952徙置區規例及相關租購合約及銷售協議內容規定,甄聖樹、曹玉笙、李超、程羅音和其家人佔用及「擁有該平房」的先決條件,是政府發出的佔用許可証仍然有效。亦即是說,大前題是基於1952年政府承諾,及根據租購合約,透過在7年內完成支付共84個月租金,或透過銷售協議一次性支付$1,492,有關租戶或購買者就可以至少在該10年期內佔用及「擁有」該平房。

67.  本席亦判定,於1961年,是政府徙置處(Resettlement Department)根據該1958徙置條例撤銷向光民村平房發出的佔用許可證,以清拆光民村作基建和長久發展用途。

68.  基於上述提及的法例、事實及分析,本席接納平民屋宇的分析及陳詞,說相關租購合約及銷售協議僅涉及租用或購買一所「房舍」,而非任何業權或地權,而相關佔用許可證一旦被撤銷及有關房舍一旦被拆卸,相關房舍的任何權益亦相應地同時消失。所以,本席不接納各被告人的聲稱,指他們仍保留或享有任何相關「光民村平房的產權」或衡平法權益,本席更加不接納他們進一步但毫無理據的指稱,指他們聲稱的「權益」(以不知怎樣的方式) 「轉移」至令到他們對現在佔用的個別大坑西新邨單位「有產權」的說法。

69.  另一方面,雖然沒有直接文件證供或口頭證供明確指出個別被告人家庭當時遷離光民村的情况,但基於較大的固有可能性(inherent probability),本席認為各相關被告人家庭都得到上面第13段提及的安置安排及遷出光民村租金安排,根據個別情況得到相應的租金補貼或特惠,以兌現1952年政府𠄘諾,讓已付清租購金額者,或未付清者只需要付餘下時段內的標準租金額及直接購買了平房者不需要再付租金,而得到共10年期的安置,而之後可以以低廉租金租住建成後大坑西新邨的單位。所以,本席不同意個別被告人指稱,他們的家人當時被剝削或不公平對待。

H.2. 允諾不容反悔及擁有人不容反悔的聲稱不成立

70.  現在,只有曹女士在5507案依賴允諾不容反悔及擁有人不容反悔原則作為拒絕交回管有權的理據。

71.  就這方面,曹女士在她的抗辯書裏的闡述含糊,也沒有依據上述提及的確定法律原則,將每一個要素指稱及申述清楚。本席現在引述她抗辯書裏的相關內容:

“7. …The Defendant further avers that she and her family members’ right of residence in the Premises derives from the Defendant’s Grandfather purchasing the House of Kwong Man Village relying on the promise of the Plaintiff and the Government, the House was thereafter demolished with detrimental reliance on the promise of the Plaintiff and the Government that the Family would be re-settled back to the Tai Hang Sai Estate unconditionally that under the principle of promissory estoppel and/or alternatively proprietary estoppel of equity that the Defendant and her registered family members have the right to continue living in the Premises which is located in the same lot of land where the House was originally located. It will be unjust and inequitable to allow the Plaintiff to vacate the Defendant and her registered family members out from the Premises without proper arrangements of resettlement of them back to the future newly re-developed Tai Hang Sai Estate.

8. The Defendant denies paragraph 6. The Defendant and her registered family members’ capacity as approved settlers and their right of resettlement derived from the purchase of the House still continuing and existing based upon the principles of promissory estoppel and proprietary estoppel. …

9. The Defendant denies paragraph 7. As pleaded above, the Defendant and her registered family members have the right to continue residing at the Premises and they are to move out only on the condition of the Plaintiff giving the promise of resettling them back to the newly re-developed Tai Hang Sai Estate in their capacity as approved settlers without other conditions.

…

20. … The Plaintiff has conveyed a clear and unequivocal promise to the approved settlers including the Defendant’s Grandfather and thereafter the Defendant. A sum of HK$1475.00 had been paid by the Defendant’s Grandfather to the Plaintiff relying on the Plaintiff’s promise. Based on the principles of promissory estoppel and/or proprietary estoppel, it would be inequitable or unconscionable for the Plaintiff to act inconsistently with the promise and disqualify the Defendant and her registered family members’ right of residence and re-settlement relating to the present re-development of Tai Hang Sai estate.”[144]

72.  曹女士在她的簡短證人陳述書裏,只是引述該1961年信,然後作出類似聲稱。

73.  基於以下理由,本席拒絕允諾不容反悔及擁有人不容反悔的聲稱。

74.  第一,在曹女士抗辯書第7段,提及平民屋宇的承諾,只有一個,就是會無條件地安置她家人回大坑西新邨 (“the promise of the Plaintiff and the Government that the Family would be re-settled back to the Tai Hang Sai Estate unconditionally”)。沒有爭議的,就是平民屋宇這個回遷的承諾當時已經兌現了。但說完這承諾後,抗辯書接着聲稱基於平民屋宇同一承諾,曹女士的家人有權可以不止地住在大坑西新邨 (“the Defendant and her registered family members have the right to continue living in the Premises which is located in the same lot of land where the House was originally located”)。這「不止地住在大坑西新邨」的聲稱大大超出平民屋宇回遷他們的承諾,基本上等同說平民屋宇承諾永遠及無論如何都一定要將該單位租給曹女士的家人佔用。本席認為,就算單看曹女士自己抗辯書的申述,都沒有提及平民屋宇在那裏及用什麼的言語或文字作出這個曹女士家人有權永遠租住的陳述或承諾。

75.  第二,稍為仔細地閱讀該1961年信,就得悉李福樹先生代表平民屋宇只是解釋清拆光民村是為了建造更完善及可安置更多居民之屋宇,李福樹先生接著強調合同裏述明政府只承諾在10年內不干涉等,而唯一可以算是作出承諾的,只是 「將來一俟建築完成對原有之居民當可優先安置」,完全沒有像曹女士現在聲稱,承諾她的家人可以有權不止地租用大坑西新邨單位。

76.  本席作出事實裁定,裁定平民屋宇沒有向曹女士作出她現在聲稱的有權永遠租住的陳述或承諾。

77.  由於允諾不容反悔及擁有人不容反悔,都是始於和建立於平民屋宇作出了清楚且無歧義之陳述、承諾或保證的基礎上,而曹女士未能證明這基礎,所以用這2個原則作為拒絕交回管有權的論據,完全不成立。

78.  再者,本席上面已經判定,當時光民村住戶須要遷出,是因為政府根據法例取消了相關的佔用許可證,令到光民村住戶不能夠再合法地繼續佔用有關平房。所以,本席裁定,無論平民屋宇有或沒有作出相關的陳述、承諾或保證,這些住戶遷出光民村的損害,都不是因為任何平民屋宇作出的陳述、承諾或保證(雖然本席裁決平民屋宇沒有作出)所帶來的。反之,本席接納馮資深大律師的分析和陳詞,當時平民屋宇的角色只是配合當時政府的政策,承擔建造、管理及營運更完善及可安置更多居民及以多層建築物構成的大坑西新邨,讓搬離光民村的住戶 (及其他有需要的合資格人士) 可以得到安置。

H.3. 租客不得挑戰業主無業權原則適用

79.  如上面在第18至22段就各被告人家庭入住大坑西新邨及相關的背景的敘述,各被告人家庭自1970年代初開始到各案開展前這50多年間,都根據平民屋宇作為業主的要求提交「大坑西新邨住屋申請書」及填寫申報其居住家屬等,亦基本上無間斷地簽租約及交租金,無論在文件上或在行動上,到不斷地承認他們與平民屋宇就有關單位,是租客和業主的關係。

80.  既判定他們與平民屋宇就有關單位,是租客和業主的關係,本席亦判定租客不得挑戰業主無業權的法律原則適用。

81.  接着,本席會討論就租約裏的條款的爭議。

H.4. 持續更新租約的隱含條款

82.  只有5582案譚女士在經修訂的抗辯書(第24段)聲稱在租約裏有所謂的「持續更新租約的隱含條款」:

“24. Taking into account the nature of the use of the land, the object of establishment of the Plaintiff, and the performance of the Plaintiff and Lee Kwan (and later, the Defendant) of renewing the tenancy agreements every two years without any screening process required for the Defendant's family members, all tenancy agreements are in substance perpetually renewable. The Plaintiff though being a private limited company, was and is incorporated so as to perform a supplementary function to the resettlement policy of the then Colonial Hong Kong Government and to the housing policy of the present Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government. On the basis of the above, there is an implied covenant and a common intention shared by the Plaintiff and Lee Kwan (and later, the Defendant) that that the tenants should be entitled to remain in possession unless and until they fall into arrears with their rent or breach other provisions contained in the tenancy agreements”[145]

83.  杜大律師的開案陳詞,指該隱含條款內容為「有權利續租及此隱含條款會繼承到期後簽訂的租約,除非被告人 (1) 放棄續租權;或 (2) 違反租約內的條款」;就是,除了最初簽的第一份租約有這聲稱隱含條款,再續簽的每一份租約都會自動地也包含同一個隱含條款。

84.  杜大律師結案陳詞時中確認依賴下列三項事實,支持該持續更新租約的隱含條款的存在:

(a) 土地使用性質 (“the nature of the use of the land”);

(b) 平民屋宇設立之宗旨(“the object of establishment of the Plaintiff”);

(c) 平民屋宇及李堃(繼而由譚女士)每兩年續簽租約,其間續租時從未需經過任何篩選程序。

85.  杜大律師的說法,簡而言之,是由於該土地是政府以優惠條件提供給平民屋宇作為興建低廉租金屋宇用途,而平民屋宇作為非牟利機構,成立宗旨是建造管理和提供租金低廉的房屋給收入及資產低於某個水平的有需要人士,而事實上在這幾十年來平民屋宇都繼續與譚女士家人續約,所以基於這幾點,就代表所有租約裏,都有該持續更新租約的隱含條款。

86.  本席認為,不用太多分析已經顯而易見,譚女士這些說法毫無邏輯和道理根據。雖然一個機構的目的是以平價提供某些服務,又得到政府以補貼方式支持它以平價提供這些服務,不等同就因此而賦予某一個享用過這服務的人士一個法律權益或訴因,去強迫這個機構要永遠以平價提供這服務給他;亦不等同該機構作出了默示的法律承諾,約束自己永遠要以平價提供這服務給這人。同樣地,平民屋宇雖然是一個非牟利機構有着這樣的宗旨,亦得到政府批地作出上述用途,但不等於平民屋宇就對每一個已經入住的租客作出隱含的法律承諾,約束自己永遠都要續租給這個租戶,以致除非該租戶放棄續租或違反租約內的條款,在這兩者之外無論如何,平民屋宇都不能夠收回該單位。

87.  再者,雙方多次續簽租約亦不等同證明了有任何持續更新租約的隱含條款存在。這只是一個慣性,不足以作為推斷具有可被執行權利 (enforceable right)的依據。 何况,如Woodfall:Landlord and Tenant第18.014段所載,法院普遍不傾向於認定永久性續租,如欲成立此種條款,必須有明確無誤之表述,僅僅因為雙方曾多次續約,絕不能因此推斷定有永久性續租條款:

“The Court leans against perpetual renewals … Accordingly, in order to establish this construction the intention has to be unequivocally expressed … A covenant will not be held to be one for perpetual renewal merely because several renewals have been granted; this method of construing the equivocal acts of the parties is wrong”

88.  又如,區域法院暫委法官宋泳琛於Hantec Investment Ltd v Li Yau Man[2020] HKLdT 40 第50段中指出,本席亦同意:

“The fact that the tenancy had been renewed for many times previously is, again, neither here nor there. There could be a variety of reasons … drawing a conclusion of shared assumption of perpetual option to renew between the parties from the mere fact the tenancy has been renewed for many years is way too arbitrary.”

89.  本席亦留意到譚女士現在尋求的持續更新租約的隱含條款內容,不包括平民屋宇有權不續約給一個已經變成富裕的租戶或要求他交更高租金,變成該隱含條款完全約束平民屋宇沒有任何彈性和權力去因時並進地考慮改變它服務提供的對象和條件等等。本席認為,這個考慮因素會令到任何客觀者不言而喻地說租約裏沒有這持續更新租約的隱含條款。

90.  再者,該持續更新租約的隱含條款亦未能清晰地訂明續租的租金額及其他條件。換句話說,是否平民屋宇永遠要以同等租金額續租給譚女士 ? 如果不是,又怎樣訂定每次續約的租金額呢?又再者,該持續更新租約的隱含條款包括如果譚女士違反租約條款,平民屋宇就不用持續更新租約,是否代表平民屋宇已經放棄改變租約其他條款的權力,或是仍然可以隨意改變條款,以令到譚女士很難不違反,以至該所謂持續更新租約的隱含條款失去作用? 就這些關於租約的重點的不清晰,說明該持續更新租約的隱含條款的不合理及不清晰的地方。

91.  本席認為,譚女士提出的這三個事項,根本完全不能夠證明這所謂的持續更新租約的隱含條款是 (a) 不言而喻,或 (b) 因為令到該租約在商業上變得有效可行而必須存在的。明顯地,任何租約,在沒有任何持續更新租約隱含條款下,都仍是有效可行的。

92.  基於以上理由,本席裁定平民屋宇的租約內並沒有所聲稱的持續更新租約的隱含條款。

93.  最後,本席亦接受平民屋宇證人侯先生在盤問時的證供,說曾有租戶告知平民屋宇其已不再居住於大坑西新邨,平民屋宇遂決定不續租並收回該物業。這更說明租約裏,沒有該持續更新租約的隱含條款。

H.5. 租約第II(26)條是否無效

94.  作為拒絕交出相關單位的管有權理據,關先生及馬女士提出,他們與平民屋宇簽的最後一份租約第II(26)條,由於是在不對等議價能力下達成的不合情理交易條款(unequal bargaining power unconscionable dealing),所以是無效的。

95.  他們的租約都有相同的第II(26)條,其內容如下:

“(26) On the determination of the tenancy hereby created forthwith to deliver up vacant possession of the said flat to the Landlord notwithstanding any rule of law or equity to the contrary.”

96.  該條款說如果租約終止後,租戶須要交回管有權,儘管有其他普通法或衡平法原則,令到租戶不用交回管有權。

97.  平民屋宇的書面及口頭開案陳詞,都沒有嘗試依賴該條款。在審訊中,本席亦向杜大律師詢問,如果相關被告人未能成立他們在普通法或衡平法內,有不用交出管有權的理據,那麼平民屋宇不需要倚賴該條款,單憑它是業權擁有人及業主的身份及權益,亦能成功收回管有權。對這說法杜大律師沒有爭議。其實,在法理上,他亦不能夠爭議。

98.  因此,基於本席上述判定,現在各被告人提出不用交出管有權的理據都不成立,平民屋宇完全不需要倚賴該條款。所以,對該條款的挑戰變成完全是一個學術性的題目,對判案毫無影響。因此,本席不需要亦不打算探討及判定該條款在法律上是有效或是無效的。

H.6. 甄先生的家人是否全數繳交了甄聖樹租購合約內的租購款項

99.  在審訊中有這個事實爭議。甄先生的證供,是他的家人已經全數繳清了甄聖樹租購合約內的租購款項,他的證供是他記得爺爺在他年少時向他述說已經購買了光民村的平房,但他未能提供任何文件或客觀證據。

100.  平民屋宇不接受該事實聲稱。根據以下2點,基於較大的固有可能性,本席判定甄聖樹先生還未,亦不需要,完全繳清甄聖樹租購合約內的租購款項:

(a) 第一,甄聖樹租購合約的第四頁,有收據條款(receipt clause),讓平民屋宇在收到所有款項後簽署確認,但該收據條款是仍未簽署的[146]。反之,平民屋宇簽署了曹玉笙銷售協議上面的收據條款,證實收到了全部金額[147]。所以,本席認為當時平民屋宇在收清款項後,有簽署收據條款的做法。以致有較大的固有可能性,因為甄聖樹租購合約裏未簽署收據條款,就顯示有關款項還未收清。

(b) 第二,根據甄聖樹租購合約條款,租購繳款安排是邀交84個月的租金,在七年內繳付完成。該租購協議是1956年4月簽訂的,代表84個月的租金繳款,會在1963年3月左右完成。但根據上面不爭議的歷史事實,在1961年左右,政府已經撤銷光民村的佔用許可證,而大坑西新邨亦是在1964至1967年逐步建成。所以,本席認為有很高的固有可能性,甄聖樹只繳交月租到1961年左右,因為那時政府清拆光民村,包括甄聖樹租用的平房,以至他不需要根據甄聖樹租購合約,繳交光民村第3區地段第93號房舍的租金,而是根據遷出光民村租金安排處理其遷到的其他徙置區或住所的租金。

101.  但上述事實裁定並不影響本席在上面 「H.1.相關租購合約及銷售協議的性質及他們賦予的權益;遷離及清拆光民村」裏面的裁定,因為該些裁定是基於就算相關被告人家庭已經繳清租購款項的情况下作出的。

H.7. 曹女士及關先生不符合回遷資格等事宜

102.  本席在審訊時,已經向曹女士及關先生多番指出,他們被平民屋宇認為不符合回遷資格等事宜,不在他們訴訟案的範圍以內,也不是其中的議題。所以,本席對該等事宜,在此亦不會作出任何評論。

I. 結果及處置

103.  基於上述所說,本席裁定平民屋宇對所有被告人的案件都勝訴,亦基於相關被告人在5507案、5509案、5546案及5582案都決定不繼續他們的反申索,正式撤銷該反申索。

104.  由於平民屋宇表明向各被告人只申索空置管有權,並沒有其他申索,本席現命令各被告人須要將列出在上面第6段的相關單位的空置管有權交還平民屋宇。

105.  訟費方面,本席以暫准命令方式,命令各被告人須向平民屋宇支付其相關案件 (如適用,包括反申索) 的訟費,包括所有保留訟費,連同大律師證書。雖然本席感激馮資深大律師、陸大律師及羅大律師的協助,亦明白各案件對於平民屋宇的重要性,但就大律師的費用而言,本席初步認為一位12年年資左右的大律師代表平民屋宇已經合理地足夠,故大律師證書只限於一位上述資歷的。該暫准命令將會在14日後,成為絕對命令,除非期間有任何與訟者申請更改。

106.  最後本席感謝馮資深大律師、陸大律師、羅大律師及杜大律師的協助。

 ( 陳錦泉 )
 區域法院法官

DCCJ 5505/2023

原告人:由胡百全律師事務所委派的馮柏棟資深大律師、陸栩然大律師及羅鈞培大律師代表

被告人:沒有律師代表,並親自應訊

DCCJ 5507/2023

原告人:由胡百全律師事務所委派的馮柏棟資深大律師、陸栩然大律師及羅鈞培大律師代表

被告人:沒有律師代表,並親自應訊

DCCJ 5509/2023

原告人:由胡百全律師事務所委派的馮柏棟資深大律師、陸栩然大律師及羅鈞培大律師代表

被告人:第一及第二天審訊由Mohnani & Associates委派的杜加栩大律師代表,第三天審訊沒有律師代表,並親自應訊

DCCJ 5546/2023, DCCJ 5582/2023

原告人:由胡百全律師事務所委派的馮柏棟資深大律師、陸栩然大律師及羅鈞培大律師代表

被告人:由Mohnani & Associates委派的杜加栩大律師代表



[1]   根據平民屋宇,回遷及補償安排包括:(a) 重建完成後,欲回遷之租戶須符合平民屋宇訂立之回遷資格,合資格者將獲編配重建後單位;(b) 合資格回遷成員必須符合下列所有要求:(i) 已登記核實及載列於該單位租戶與平民屋宇訂立的租約附表成員上;(ii) 以大坑西新邨的單位作為其唯一居所;(iii) 現時沒有享用公營房屋福利;(iv) 沒有在香港擁有住宅物業;及 (v) 與平民屋宇訂立租約的租戶本人及載列於租約附表上的成員所衍生的核心家庭內每一核心家庭成員均須符合上列資格;否則,該個別核心家庭將被視為不符合回遷資格成員;(c) 符合回遷資格的租戶或成員可在重建期間獲平民屋宇發放租金津貼及搬遷津貼,根據成員人數計算,例如: 一人成員該兩項津貼共港幣570,000元,六人成員該兩項津貼共港幣1,210,000元;(d) 符合回遷資格的租戶或成員亦可選擇交回單位並永久遷出,亦會獲得一次性津貼;(d) 即使列於租約附表上的租戶或成員不符合回遷資格,平民屋宇發放一筆過的特惠搬遷津貼。每名上述成員可獲港幣100,000元,每戶上限港幣700,000元。

[2]   DCCJ 5511/2023 梁亞端女士

[3]   HCAL 1600/2024;高浩文法官,判詞見 [2025] HKCFI 3715

[4]   [B/2/7-8]

[5]   原告人翻譯 (各被告方没有爭議) :

「(a) 按政府與本公司可能協定之條款及條件向香港政府申請土地,以興建棚屋及房屋,供政府批准之定居者及總收入不超過本公司不時釐定金額之其他居民(該等定居者及該等居民以下稱為「獲批准佔用人」)佔用。

(c) 開發及利用本公司擁有權益的任何地盤或所收購的任何土地,尤其是透過鋪設及準備有關土地作建築用途、建設、改建、拆卸、裝飾、維護、裝修、裝配及改善樓宇,以及透過鋪路、排水、按建築租賃或建築協議出租,以及透過向建築商、獲批准佔用人及其他人士墊款及與彼等訂立各類合約及安排。

(f) 按本公司不時釐定的條款及條件,向獲批准佔用人出售或出租任何小屋、房屋、單位、樓宇或本公司財產及權利的任何部分。」

[6]   見輔政司向平民屋宇發出日期為1952年10月4日的信 [B/3/17]:“… I am to confirm Government’s undertaking that no house built by the Corporation on an approved site for rent or hire purchase will be disturbed by Government before the expiry of 10 years from the date of its erection unless the land is required for a public purpose”

[7]   見副財政司向平民屋宇發出日期為1958年11月27日的信及其附件 [B/4/18-20]

[8]   該信的第五段 [B/4/19-20]:“5. In all cases tenants of the Corporation, accommodated by Government in re-settlements estates in accordance with paragraph (4), will pay the standard rents for such accommodation from the tenth anniversary of the date on which they first entered into agreement with the Corporation. Those who have not completed payments due to the Corporation will pay to Government the standard rents for the accommodation provided for the same length of time as they agreed to make payments to the Corporation. At the end of these periods they will not be required to pay rents to Government until the expiry of the ten-years period mentioned above. Similarly, those who have already completed all payments due to the Corporation prior to being temporarily re-housed in Government accommodation, will not be required to pay rent until the expiry of the ten-years period mentioned above.  All rents actually paid for accommodation in resettlement estates will accrue to Government. In all cases tenants of the Corporation accommodated by Government in resettlement estates are not required to pay more rent than what they are now paying to the Corporation, that is, not more than $43.33 per month in the case of type A cottages and $25 per month in the case of type B cottages.”

[9]   原告人翻譯(各被告方會有爭議):「(d) 承批人不得出售、轉讓、按揭或抵押上述土地或其任何部分,或在未獲得政府就每項該等處置給予書面同意的情況下,訂立任何該等協議,而政府作為給予同意的條件,可施加該等限制條款及條件,不論是有關售價或按揭(視情況而定)所籌集的款額,或有關轉讓的形式、 但在任何情況下,本條款所載任何規定均不得視為適用於或限制承批人將土地上的單位或其他住宅出租予將會在其中居住的租戶,而承批人透過其執行委員會完全有權控制上述單位或其他住宅的管理,以及以短期租約出租單位或其他住宅。」

[10]   見政府徙置事務處處長向謝慧荷先生(大坑西徙置區第三段第129B號屋)日期為1961年5月20的信件 [B/7/47]

[11]   見政府徙置管理處向Mr Fok Hang(大坑西徙置區第三段第9B號屋)日期為1961年7月21日及標題為“Tai Hang Sai Resettlement Area Clearance” 的信件,英文版在 [B/7/48],中文版 [B/7/49-50]

[12]   [5507/C/4/10],[5509/C/4/40] 及 [5546/C/5/64]

[13]   5505 答辯書第3段 [5505/A/2/13]

[14]   [5505/C/2/2-9]

[15]   [5505/C/4/11-14]

[16]   [5505/C/4/14]

[17]   與甄聖樹為同一人 [5505/C/4/11]

[18]   [5505/C/5/15]

[19]   [5505/C/5/15/§1]

[20]   [5505/C/6/19-22]

[21]   [5505/C/7/23-26]

[22]   [5505/C/7/26]

[23]   [5505/C/7/24]

[24]   [5505/C/9/29-32]

[25]   [5505/C/9/30]

[26]   [5505/C/10/33]

[27]   [5505/C/11/34-37]

[28]   [5505/C/12/38-41]

[29]   [5505/C/12/38/§I]

[30]   [5505/C/12/41]

[31]   [5505/C/14/46-49]

[32]   [5505/C/15/50-53]

[33]   [5505/C/15/50/§I]

[34]   [5505/C/15/50/§I]

[35]   [5505/C/16/123-166]

[36]   [5505/C/17/167]

[37]   [5505/C/18/173]

[38]   5507 抗辯書,第3(4)段 [5507/A/2/15]

[39]   [5507/C/3/9-1 to 9-3]

[40]   [5507/C/6/12-15]

[41]   [5507/C/6/12]

[42]   [5507/C/6/13]

[43]   [5507/C/7/16-19]

[44]   [5507/C/7/16/§I]

[45]   [5507/C/9/32-37]

[46]   [5507/C/10/36-37]

[47]   當時名為「曹雪穎」:被告人向原告人提交的更改名稱聲明副本(11.5.2016)[5507/C/13/46]

[48]   [5507/C/11/38-41]

[49]   [5507/C/11/38]

[50]   [5507/C/11/39]

[51]   [5507/C/12/42-47]

[52]   [5507/C/12/42/§I]

[53]   [5507/C/14/48-49]

[54]   [5507/C/15/50-53]

[55]   [5507/C/15/50]

[56]   [5507/C/15/50/§I]

[57]   [5507/C/20/113-118]

[58]   [5507/C/18/73]

[59]   基礎為於2022年3月提交的租戶資料聲明及相關文件顯示涉案單位水電用量長期極低,且帳單寄送地址為九龍啟德德朗邨 [5507/C/18/100-106];另外兩名租戶資料聲明書上的男士(朱健楠及朱栩寧)未列入民興樓 430 室租約家庭成員 [5507/C/18/60]; [5507/15/53]

[60]   [5507/C/21/119]

[61]   被告人聲稱李超是他的誼父(adoptive father):5509 經修訂的抗辯書及反申索,第3(4)段 [5509/A/2/16]

[62]   [5509/C/2/7-14]

[63]   [5509/C/5/41-44]

[64]   [5509/C/5/41]

[65]   [5509/C/5/42]

[66]   [5509/C/6/45-48]

[67]   [5509/C/6/45/§1]

[68]   [5509/C/8/53-54]

[69]   [5509/C/7/49-52]

[70]   [5509/C/6/49/§1]

[71]   [5509/C/6/52]

[72]   [5509/C/11/86]

[73]   平民屋宇紀錄 (22.8.2001) [5509/C/13/100]

[74]   [5509/C/15/102-104]

[75]   [5509/C/16/109-111]

[76]   [5509/C/16/109/§I]

[77]   [5509/C/16/109/§I]

[78]   [5509/C/23/127-132]

[79]   [5509/C/25/135];關先生並非以涉案單位作為唯一住所,於2022年2月關先生提交租戶資料聲明書及相關文件,相關文件顯示其水電用量長期極低,顯示並非以該單位為唯一居所 [5509/C/21/123-124]。

[80]   [5509/C/27/145]

[81]   [5546/C/2/7-14]

[82]   [5546/C/2/65]

[83]   [5546/C/2/65-69]

[84]   [5546/C/2/65]

[85]   [5546/C/2/68]

[86]   [5546/C/7/70-73]

[87]   [5546/C/7/70/§1]

[88]   [5546/C/6/69]

[89]   [5546/C/8/74-77]

[90]   [5546/C/13/146-149]

[91]   [5546/C/12/142-145]

[92]   [5546/C/8/78-81]

[93]   [5546/C/7/78/§1]

[94]   [5546/C/8/81]

[95]   [5546/C/15/151-157]

[96]   [5546/C/17/159-162]

[97]   [5546/C/17/159]

[98]   [5546/C/17/162]

[99]   [5546/C/8/94-96]

[100]   [5546/C/8/94/§I]

[101]   [5546/C/8/98-101]

[102]   [5546/C/20/167-170]

[103]   [5546/C/20/167/§I]

[104]   [5546/C/20/167/§I]

[105]   [5546/C/21/171-176]

[106]   馬女士女兒自已申報了自己在香港擁有其他住宅物業:租戶資料聲明書(8.6.2023)[5546/C/23/179]

[107]   [5546/C/23/182]

[108]   [5546/C/26/190]

[109]   [5582/C1/4/33-38]

[110]   [5582/C1/4/33]

[111]   [5582/C1/4/34]

[112]   [5582/C1/5/39]

[113]   [5582/C1/6/40-43]

[114]   [5582/C1/6/40/§1]

[115]   [5582/C1/10/71]

[116]   [5582/C1/11/72]

[117]   [5582/C1/11/87-89]

[118]   [5582/C1/15/90-93]

[119]   [5582/C1/15/90]

[120]   [5582/C1/18/97-100]

[121]   [5582/C1/18/97/§I]

[122]   [5582/C1/18/97/§I]

[123]   [5582/C1/21/107-112]

[124]   [5582/C1/24/117]

[125]   譚女士的3名兒子及1名女兒均申報了自己非以該單位作為其唯一居所,3名兒子均申報了自己在香港擁有其他住宅物業:租戶資料聲明書(8.6.2021)[5582/C1/19/101]

[126]   [5582/C1/24/117]

[127]   [5582/A/4/70/§74]

[128]   [5582/C1/25/123]

[129]   [B/5/22-76]

[130]   [B/34/236-237]

[131]   [5505/A/2/13-17]

[132]   5505甄國業證人陳述書, §12 [5505/A/5/51]

[133]   5507抗辯書及反申索, §7 [5507/A/2/25]

[134]   5509經修訂抗辯書及反申索, §7 [5509/A/2/25]

[135]   5546經修訂抗辯書及反申索, §7 [5546/A/2/26]

[136]   5582經修訂抗辯書及反申索, §14 [5582/A/2/22]

[137]   第24段 [5582/A/27]

[138]   “[a] lease granted for a fixed term expires by effluxion of time when the term comes to an end. It does so automatically and without notice. On the ending of the term, the tenant must give up possession of the property comprised in the lease, unless he has a statutory right to remain in possession”

[139]   [原告人翻譯]「不容反悔在業主與租客關係中之首要原則之一,即租客不得否認業主之業權。此原則適用於書面租約、口頭租約,以及加蓋印章之租約。故此,承租人不得在仍然佔用物業時,藉主張相反之業權來否認出租人之業權;簽署租約本身即屬一種承認。凡基於他人而進入物業之人,不論是作為租客、持牌人或其他身分,均不得否認容許其進入之人之業權。租客亦不得藉早前租客之業權挑戰其租約有效性……縱使租約已屆滿,前租客於其曾佔用期間,仍不得否認前業主之業權,除非:(i) 於該段期間曾受具優先業權者干擾;或 (ii) 於租約期滿後,有具優先業權者就其於該段期間之部分時間向租客提出申索,使之面臨被追討風險。」

[140]   “[t]he aim remains what it has always been, namely the prevention or undoing of unconscionable conduct. In many cases, once the equity is established, then the fulfilment of the promise is likely to be the starting point, although considerations of practicality, justice between the parties and fairness to third parties may call for a reduced or different award.  And justice between the parties may be affected if the proposed remedy is out of all proportion to the reliant detriment, if that can easily be identified without recourse to minute mathematical calculation, and proper regard is had to non-monetary harm.”

[141]   [B/6/47]

[142]   “…This permit is issued subject to the Emergency (Resettlement Areas) Regulations 1952, and to the Special Conditions endorsed on the back hereof and shall be valid until _____ only, unless sooner determined”

[143]   “(1) Any building which, at the date of the coming into operation of this Ordinance, is in an area designated in the Second Schedule and has been erected under or by reason of any authority or permission given under any enactment relating to the clearance or resettlement of squatters shall be deemed to have been authorized by a competent authority under the provisions of this Part of this Ordinance and this Part of this Ordinance shall apply to such building as if an erection permit had been granted in respect of such building under the provisions of section 40”

[144]   [5507/A/2/25-26 & 30]

[145]   [5582/A/2/27/§24]

[146]   [5505/C/2/9]

[147]   [5507/C/3/9-3]

   

[2025] HKDC 97-EN-2025-01-16

THE HONG KONG SETTLERS HOUSING CORPORATION LTD v. TAM WAI LAN

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DCCJ 5582/2023

[2025] HKDC 97

IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF THE

HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION

CIVIL ACTION NO. 5582 OF 2023

________________

BETWEEN

THE HONG KONG SETTLERS HOUSING CORPORATION LIMITED
(香港平民屋宇有限公司)
Plaintiff
And
TAM WAI LAN (譚蕙蘭)Defendant

————————

Before:His Honour Judge Gary C C Lam in Chambers (Open to public)
Date of Hearing:16 January 2025
Date of Decision:16 January 2025

___________________

DECISION

___________________


I. INTRODUCTION

1.  Before me is the defendant’s summons filed on 23 September 2024 (the “Setting Aside Summons”) to set aside the judgment entered on 31 May 2024 (the “Order 14 Judgment”) against her in the absence of her attendance to the hearing of the plaintiff’s Order 14 summons filed on 23 April 2024 (the “Order 14 Summons”).

II. BACKGROUND

2.  The background has been set out in §§2 – 6 of my decision ([2024] HKDC 2110) (the “CMC Decision”) delivered at the Case Management Conference (the “CMC”) on 16 December 2024, and I shall not repeat the same here.

3.  In respect of the procedural history specific to the present action:-

(1) On 13 December 2023, the plaintiff issued the writ of summons herein endorsed with a statement of claim. In essence, the plaintiff’s claim against the defendant is a landlord-and-tenancy matter concerning the premises known as Flat No 307, 3rd Floor, Man Lok House, Tai Hang Sai Estate, Kowloon (the “Premises”). Specifically, the plaintiff claims that the subject tenancy agreement (the “Tenancy Agreement”) dated 26 May 2021 had expired on 30 April 2023 without renewal (or alternatively, a monthly tenancy at will thereafter) and the defendant should thus return vacant possession to the plaintiff;

(2) On 19 January 2024, the defendant returned the acknowledgment of service (the “Acknowledgment of Service”) with the address of the Premises filled in as the address for service;

(3) On 15 February 2024, the defendant, then acting in person, filed a defence (the “Defence”);

(4) On 23 April 2024, the plaintiff filed the Order 14 Summons and served it with the supporting affirmation (collectively, the “Order 14 Papers”) by ordinary post to the address of the Premises;

(5) On 31 May 2024, in the absence of the defendant’s attendance, Madam Registrar Soong entered the Order 14 Judgment;

(6) On 23 September 2024, the defendant filed the Setting Aside Summons returnable before Master on 30 September 2024;

(7) On 30 September 2024, for a better case management with all the related cases, the Setting Aside Summons was not substantively dealt with but was adjourned to the CMC on 16 December 2024 to be dealt with by me as well;

(8) The defendant acted in person all along until 7 October 2024, when Messrs Mohnani & Associates (“Mohnani”) filed a Notice to Act for the defendant;

(9) On 16 December 2024, I gave directions in relation to the conduct of the Setting Aside Summons; and

(10) The matter is now placed before me for my substantive disposal.

III. LEGAL BASIS FOR SETTING ASIDE

4.  As mentioned above, the Order 14 Judgment was entered in the absence of the defendant. To set aside such a judgment, the defendant would apply to set aside the same pursuant to Order 14 rule 11. The legal principles in relation to such an application to set aside are essentially the same as those governing an application to set aside a default judgment under Order 13 rule 9: see Hong Kong Civil Procedure 2025 Vol 1, §14/11/1.

5.  Thus, the first matter the Court would have to consider is whether the service of the Order 14 Papers was regular or irregular. If it was regular, then the Court would consider whether there are any real prospects of success in the intended resistance to the Order 14 Summons, and if it was irregular, normally, the judgment would be set aside without consideration of merits.

IV. SERVICE

6.  It must be noted that service of the Order 14 Summons, not an originating process, does not require personal service. By Order 65 rule 5(1)(c), service by ordinary post to the usual or last known address is good service.

7.  Since the defendant herself wrote the address of the Premises in the Acknowledgment of Service, this address clearly is the usual or last known address of the defendant.

8.  The plaintiff served the Order 14 Papers by post under Order 65 rule 5. By virtue of section 8 of the Interpretation and General Clauses Ordinance (Cap 1), for a service by post, there should be “properly addressing, pre-paying the postage thereon and dispatching it by post”. The commentary in Hong Kong Civil Procedure 2025 Vol 1 §65/5/4 states that “proof of prepayment as well as posting is necessary”. In the affirmation of service of Hon Shu Min, the only affirmation of service placed before Madam Registrar on 31 May 2024, Hon Shu Min only said that he served the Order 14 Papers by post to the address of the Premises, but there is not even a mere allegation of pre-paying the postage thereon (let alone documentary proof like an envelope with a stamp thereon one would usually see).

9.  When I noticed this, on Monday (13 January 2025), I directed the plaintiff to point to the Court any evidence of prepayment of the postage. The next day, that is, 14 January 2025, the plaintiff issued a summons for leave to file a supplemental affirmation of service, where a solicitor of the plaintiff’s solicitors instead of Hon Shu Min explained that the envelope containing the Order 14 Papers was stamped with the firm’s Private Franking Machine (for which stamping the firm would then pay the Hong Kong General Post Office) and exhibited a record showing that on 23 April 2023 (the date of the posting according to the affirmation of Hon Shu Min), the Private Franking Machine was used. The way the evidence is now presented before me actually requires me to draw an inference from the record that the usage of the Machine on 23 April 2024 was indeed for the Order 14 Papers. On balance, I make such inference. I do not see any prejudice the defendant would suffer given that the defendant has never relied on this prepayment of postage point which, as I mentioned, was raised by me. In any event, Ms Lydia Leung (leading Mr Christopher KH To), fairly does not oppose this supplemental affirmation Therefore, I allow the late application with costs to the defendant. I also have no reason to doubt the accuracy and truthfulness of this supplemental affirmation. Therefore, I accept that with the supplemental affirmation, there is evidence of prepayment of postage. So, the service of the Order 14 Papers by post complies with Order 65 rule 5.

10.  Before I proceed further to consider the matter, as a general advice for those firms which use Private Franking Machine, I should say that the most direct evidence of posting and pre-payment of postage is a photograph of the envelope stamped by the Machine. The solicitors may be the one to blame if the Court does not agree to make the inference as I did above.

11.  Where a defendant deposes that she does not have knowledge of the proceedings, the defendant is required to provide convincing evidence, and the court should consider the evidence with regard to probability: see Bank of China (Hong Kong) Ltd v Cheung King Fung [2007] 1 HKLRD 462 at §§32-34 per Tang JA and Carlye Chu J (as they then were).

12.  In the present case, the defendant alleges that she did not receive the Order 14 Papers and did not have notice of the hearing of 31 May 2024. The defendant’s attempted explanation for her purported non-receipt of the Order 14 Papers is set out in §14 of her affirmation:-

“I am also advised and verily believe that due to the large volume of the documents of summary judgment application by the Plaintiff together with Hau’s affirmation and exhibits… (a total of nearly 50 pages), the papers could not be inserted into the small size letter box for my flat on the ground floor of Man Lok House. It could have been easily discarded by someone if the paper bag containing the court papers was left unattended on the top of the letter box case as shown in the photographs… especially many occupants of the building were moving out with loads of unattended letters, envelops, documents left in the letter boxes area in May 2024”.

13.  The defendant’s son echoed in §13 of his affirmation:-

“Taking into account the thick volume of the papers for the summary judgment call-over hearing, they could not be inserted into the small size letter box of our Flat. If it was sent by ordinary mail, the paper bag containing the papers would most likely be left unattended on the top of the letter boxes or in that area. As many of the occupants were moving out during that period, it could easily had been discarded by the cleaning workers. If the papers had been delivered at the door of our Flat, I should have received them when I visited the Defendant for taking care of her”.

14.  I am not be convinced by this explanation:-

(1) By 19 January 2024 (the date of the return of the Acknowledgment of Service), the defendant and the defendant’s son must have already known the existence of the action already. They should thus be more alert to checking whether any further legal documents would be sent to their letterbox. This is in fact what the defendant’s son said in §7 of his affirmation that he paid “special attention to any correspondence sent to us”;

(2) In fact, according to the defendant’s son, on 11 June 2024, when he was going to visit the defendant in the Premises, he found that a copy of the Order 14 Judgment with the plaintiff’s solicitors’ letter had been inserted into the letterbox for the Premises;

(3) There is no evidence from the defendant that when the defendant or the defendant’s son received the Order 14 Judgment, any of their reaction was something like how the plaintiff would be able to obtain the judgment without them explaining to the court. Instead, on 2 September 2024, they even went to the plaintiff’s solicitors’ office preparing to sign a settlement agreement they had since 6 June 2024 been negotiating on (though they did not sign it eventually). I would think that if the defendant did not have any knowledge of the Order 14 proceedings, they would have immediately asked the plaintiff’s solicitors especially when they had been in contact with the plaintiff’s solicitors already by 11 June 2024;

(4) Further, I have doubt whether the postman would not be able to fold documents of less-than-50 pages and insert them into the letterbox, as surmised by the defendant and the defendant’s son;

(5) In any event, leaving on top of letterboxes bulky mail is common practice. Even assuming that the postman did not insert the Order 14 Papers into the letterbox and really put it on top of the letterboxes like in the photographs exhibited to the defendant’s affirmation, as the defendant and the defendant’s son had been put on alert of the existence of the present action, they would have checked any mail put on the top as well;

(6) Even without such alert by the litigation, they would still do so because as the defendant and the defendant’s son themselves said, quite a number of residents had moved out already and thus there would only be fewer mail and it would be more conspicuous to anyone when there was mail on the top. Even without the litigation, the defendant and the defendant’s son would be concerned if the plaintiff would have any new offer for them to move out or any legal proceedings against them. They would probably check not only the letterbox but also the top of the letterboxes;

(7) I do not accept the defendant and the defendant’s son’s surmise that the cleaning workers may have discarded the mail. First, it is not the defendant’s surmise and evidence that the postman left the mail on the ground. I do not understand why cleaning workers would take the trouble to discard mail put on the top of the letterboxes. Second, the mail contained the Order 14 Papers of just less than 50 pages. Though not bulky in my view, the mail must have looked substantial. It is highly improbable the cleaning workers would discard such substantial mail in any event, a fortiori put on the top of the letterboxes; and

(8) Lastly, insofar as the defendant attempts to differentiate herself from the defendant’s son in terms of knowledge of the existence of the Order 14 Papers (for example, I see from §12 of the defendant’s son affirmation that he signed the consent for delivering the keys to the plaintiff without the defendant’s knowledge), I dismiss such attempts as highly improbable. As the defendant’s son himself deposes, he took care of the defendant and he assisted the defendant in filing out the Acknowledgement of Service and paid special attention to correspondence sent to “us”. It would be highly improbable that the defendant’s son would withhold informing the defendant of any matter in relation to the present litigation.

15.  The burden lies upon the defendant to convince me that she did not have the knowledge. On the analysis above, I find her evidence (more accurately, surmise only) not convincing. This is sufficient for the present purpose. I do not need to go into the plaintiff’s evidence alleging that the defendant was evasive in accepting legal documents and/or taking calls from the plaintiff’s solicitors.

16.  Therefore, I find that the service of the Order 14 Papers regular. I now have to consider the merits of the defendant’s defence.

V. MERITS OF DEFENCE

A. Defence prepared by defendant acting in person

17.  The Defence was prepared by the defendant acting in person. In summary:-

(1) The defendant did not renew the tenancy because of the redevelopment of Tai Hang Sai Estate (“THSE”), in which the Premises is located;

(2) During the 560th Town Planning Board meeting in 2016, the Secretary for Transport and Housing commented that if the plaintiff failed to reach an agreement with existing tenants on rehousing / decanting arrangements, the development should not proceed;

(3) In the Chief Executive’s 2021 Policy Address, the Chief Executive stated that “the Executive Council has recently given approval for [the plaintiff] and the [Urban Renewal Authority] to jointly implement the project, on condition that [the plaintiff] will provide proper rehousing arrangements for existing tenants”;

(4) The plaintiff openly promised to assist those tenants who choose rehousing / decanting arrangement to look for transition housing; and

(5) The defendant chose rehousing / decanting, but she does not agree to the arrangement proposed by the plaintiff, which she thinks is not suitable to her.

B. Judicial Review

18.  This Defence in my view is essentially the same as the grounds of judicial review in the Form 86 of the judicial review (HCAL 1600/2024) (the “Judicial Review”) mentioned in §1 of the CMC Decision. The Judicial Review was lodged by the defendant, Madam Leung, in DCCJ 5511/2023. Although the decision being the subject decision under the Judicial Review is the plaintiff’s decision specifically against Madam Leung, namely, (a) the decision to limit any rehousing and relocation arrangement and assistance to a one-off rental subsidy (the “Rehousing Arrangement Decision”) to Madam Leung and the decision to terminate (the “Eviction Decision”) Madam Leung’s tenancy and evict her, the grounds there are in my view generally applicable to the plaintiff’s decision to terminate and/or evict the tenants in THSE. In essence, the grounds set out in the Form 86 of the Judicial Review are:-

(1) “Since 2016, the Government and the Town Planning Board have echoed the residents’ concerns for rehousing and directed that [the plaintiff] is to provide proper rehousing arrangement to affected residents of THSE during the redevelopment period. [The plaintiff] itself has promised to give priority to address the needs of affected residents for rehousing and relocation, including in a statement to the Legislative Council in March 2019”: see §6 of Form 86;

(2) “In a sharp volte-face in June 2023, [the plaintiff] announced a rehousing and relocation plan (i.e. the Rehousing Arrangement Decision) which: [a] only provided for relocation if a tenant met income/asset requirements; [b] only provided limited assistance in the form of a one-off lump sum payment (“One-Off Rental Subsidy”), with no guarantee that such sum would be sufficient to enable the affected residents to find suitable alternative housing for the entirety of the redevelopment period…” see §7 of Form 86;

(3) “This would mean that [Madam Leung], an 85-year-old lady, would be left to her own devices to find accommodation during the redevelopment period… in stark contrast to relocation arrangements which are standard and commonplace in other public housing redevelopment cases, where the Government would take appropriate steps to guarantee that affected tenants will not be left without a roof over their heads”: see §8 of Form 86;

(4) “… Instead of striving to meet the reasonable requests of affected residents… [the plaintiff] took the strong-handed option of commencing legal proceedings in the District Court claiming for a repossession of the residents’ flats”: see §9 of Form 86;

(5) “Ground 1: The Decisions had the cumulative effect of terminating [Madam Leung’s] tenancy before commensurate alternative housing is provided to [Madam Leung] during the redevelopment period, in breach of the applicable policy/Government directives (both as directed by the Government and which HKSHC had represented to the Legislative Council) which stipulated that satisfactory rehousing and relocation of affected residents is a precondition to redevelopment, and are thus unlawful”: see §15(1) of Form 86;

(6) “Ground 2: The Rehousing Arrangement Decision where a One-Off Rental Subsidy is given to [Madam Leung] to find alternative accommodation on her own with no guarantee that she will be able to secure comparable alternative housing for the entire redevelopment period, as well as the Eviction Decision which evicted [Madam Leung] and her family from the Flat before a proper and lawful rehousing arrangement is devised, are irrational, perverse and Wednesbury unreasonable”: see §15(2) of Form 86; and

(7) “Ground 3: [The plaintiff] is also in breach of [Madam Leung’s] substantive legitimate expectation when it reneged on: (a) the Government-mandated directives; and (b) its prior representations to the general public via its statement to the Legislative Council, in failing to devise a proper and lawful rehousing arrangement for affected residents and proceeding to evict those residents before such an arrangement is properly put in place”: see §15(3) of Form 86.

C. Judicial Review generally applicable and same as Defence

19.  The Judicial Review is not specific to Madam Leung in DCCJ 5511/2023 only. The grounds set out there are generally applicable to the plaintiff’s decision to terminate and/or evict any tenant in THSE based on the Rehousing Arrangement Decision for the purpose of the redevelopment.

20.  Both the Defence and the Form 86 refer to the Government’s representation and the plaintiff’s own promise that the plaintiff should provide proper rehousing arrangement to affected residents of THSE during the redevelopment period. Both complain that the plaintiff has not properly exercised its power to make the decisions. Both essentially say that the decisions are therefore invalid.

D. Current proposed defence

21.  In the defendant’s affirmation of the Setting Aside Summons prepared by Mohnani, a draft defence is attached to the affirmation. The draft defence deletes the Defence prepared by the defendant acting in person, and proposes defence essentially along the line of the defences which were filed for the defendants in DCCJ 5546/2023, DCCJ 5614/2023, DCCJ 5509/2023 also represented by Mohnani. I summarised the defence in §11 of the CMC Decision. In Ms Leung’s submissions for the defendant, she does not refer to the causes of action proprietary estoppel or promissory estoppel as in §11(7) of the CMC Decision but instead refers to implied term, non-derogation from grant and unequal bargaining power.

22.  Although the deletion of the original Defence is proposed, Ms Leung’s submissions still refers to the Judicial Review (as she did at the CMC as a ground for stay of proceedings), and during the hearing, she confirmed to me that the defendant would still rely on the Judicial Review as another defence.

23.  In these circumstances, I see no prejudice caused to the plaintiff if I allow the defendant still to rely upon the Judicial Review as a defence, despite the proposed deletion of the original Defence.

D. Real prospect of success of Defence?

24.  A defence in public law may constitute a valid defence to a private claim: Wandsworth LBC v Winder [1985] 1 AC 461 at 506C-D, 509E-H; North British Housing Association v Matthews [2005] 1 WLR 3133 at §12; Kay v Lambeth LBC [2006] 2 AC 465 at §60. Here, the Defence goes to the power of the plaintiff, specifically, the Defence (as well as the Judicial Review) is saying that the plaintiff did not have, or could not properly exercise, the power to make the Rehousing Arrangement Decision and the Eviction Decision against the defendant. If the Defence is established, this would mean that the plaintiff simply did not have any power to commence the present action in the first place.

25.  In an Order 14 application, where a defence is reasonably arguable, unconditional leave should normally be granted to defend. Coleman J granted leave for the Judicial Review in [2024] HKCFI 2592, and the substantive hearing will take place on 25 April 2025. His Lordship’s grant of leave to apply for judicial review means that the grounds in the Judicial Review are reasonably arguable. In other words, the Defence is reasonably arguable.

26.  This means that there is a real prospect of success of the defendant in resisting the Order 14 Summons.

27.  It remains for me to say that although at this interlocutory stage, I have quite some doubt over the validity of the other defences raised in the draft defence, given my opinion above, I should refrain from expressing any further view.

E. Residual discretion

28.  This usually is sufficient to set aside the judgment. However, Ms Margaret Chan, counsel for the plaintiff, urges me not to exercise my discretion to set aside the Order 14 Judgment. In determining how to exercise my discretion, the Court has to consider all relevant circumstances depending on the individual facts of that case, for example, why the default occurred; the defendant’s conduct after he had notice of the proceedings; an explanation for the time taken for the delay; and any prejudice to the plaintiff and third parties. That said, “[t]he consideration of merits would usually transcend any reasons given by the defendant for the delay in making the application… This may be so even where the explanation given by him on oath is false…”: see Hong Kong Civil Procedure 2025 Vol 1 §13/9/13.

29.  Here, the defendant’s explanation for the delay is that in June 2024, the parties negotiated for a settlement and only on 2 September 2024, when the plaintiff (accompanied by her sons) saw the terms of the draft settlement did she refuse to accept the settlement. Then, on 19 September 2024, the Premises was locked up by the plaintiff. The happening of such events was put on affirmations filed by the defendant on around 21 October 2024, and in the reply affirmation (that is, the 3rd Affirmation of Hau Kim Keung), the plaintiff did not traverse such events. The delay is less than 4 months, and essentially, the reason for the delay is that there was some negotiation between the parties to the point that there was a draft settlement agreement ready for the parties to sign. I accept that this is a good reason for the delay.

30.  Ms Chan, for the plaintiff, contends that there would be prejudice if the Order 14 Judgment is set aside, because setting aside would mean that the plaintiff cannot retain the possession of the Premises and according to §18(e) of the 3rd Affirmation of Hau Kim Keung dated 7 November 2024:-

“The Plaintiff had commenced the advance works for demolition of Man Lok House [where the subject premises is situated] since September 2024. Man Lok House is therefore blockaded with restricted access for safety concerns. The Defendant was duly informed that the Plaintiff had moved all the left behinds to a vacant commercial unit in Man Hing House temporarily and discretionally allow the Defendant and/or her representative to collect the left behinds within 30 days from 17 October 2024. However, the Defendant did not make any appointment…”

31.  For the following reasons, I do not accept that there is any real prejudice that the plaintiff would suffer that would prevent me from exercising the discretion to set aside the Order 14 Judgment:-

(1) Ms Leung (for the defendant) said that the defendant well knows that it is practically impossible for her to move back into the Premises for residence purpose. All she would like, as she has affirmed in the affirmation, is to go back to get back her left behinds. On this, I note that there is dispute over whether the defendant actually wanted to get back her left behinds or not, given that according to the plaintiff, the defendant did not respond to the plaintiff’s permission (as recounted in §18(e) of the 3rd Affirmation of Hau Kim Keung quoted above) for the defendant to get back the left behinds already moved to some other place. That said, I think the point here is clear – the defendant does not intend to get back the possession of the Premises. This is consistent with the defendant’s intended counterclaim for declaratory and monetary relief only, but not any order for possession of the Premises;

(2) There is no evidence placed before me as to how the redevelopment as a whole would be affected if the Order 14 Judgment is set aside. But by the CMC directions I gave at the CMC hearing on 16 December 2024, the most advanced the parties in the related case has proceeded to is evidence stage only, and the second CMC will take place on 9 May 2025. In the circumstances, I do not see how setting aside the Order 14 Judgment here will have any significant impact on the redevelopment as a whole;

(3) The demolition of Man Lok Building was said to have commenced in September 2024. But the un-traversed evidence is that the plaintiff locked up the Premises only on 19 September 2024. The defendant issued the Setting Aside Summons 4 days later on 23 September 2024. Added to all these is Coleman J’s grant of leave in the Judicial Review on 16 September 2024. Ms Chan also fairly confirms to me during the hearing that by the time of the 3rd Affirmation of Hau Kim Keung dated 7 November 2024 (where the deponent said that the demolition had commenced “since September 2024”, short of mentioning the progress or completion of the demolition), the demolition has not finished. Having considered all these, it is, in my view, that though entitled to given that there is no order to stay the execution of the Order 14 Judgment, the plaintiff has proceeded with the demolition with its eyes wide opened to the risk that the Order 14 Judgment would be set aside; and

(4) In any event, as mentioned above, the defendant is not asking to move back into the Premises for residence purpose. The defendant is of course also not asking for restoration of the demolished parts of Man Lok Building.

32.  Having considered the above, especially the real prospect of success in resisting the plaintiff’s Order 14 Summons and the absence of any real prejudice against setting aside, I find it appropriate to exercise my discretion to set aside the Order 14 Judgment.

VI. CONCLUSION

33.  In the circumstances, I allow the Setting Aside Summons.

34.  As regards costs, despite my finding above that the service of the Order 14 Papers was regular, the affirmation of service of Hon Shu Min placed before Madam Registrar did not, by reason stated in §9 above, prove proper service. At the hearing before Madam Registrar on 31 May 2024, in the absence of the defendant, the plaintiff had duty to draw the Court’s attention to that, instead of making submissions that the service was proper. Had this been done, Madam Registrar would not have entered the Order 14 Judgment, and there would not have been this application before me. That said, as I have found above, with the supplemental affirmation of service, the service was regular, and thus the defendant is also to be blamed. In the circumstances, I make no order as to costs of the Setting Aside Summons. As regards the costs order made by Madam Registrar for entering the Order 14 Judgment, since this is not an appeal, I do not have any jurisdiction to vary the costs order.

35.  I shall now hear submissions on CMC directions bearing in mind that the Case Management Conference of the present case should take place together with the other related cases on 9 May 2025.

 ( Gary C C Lam )
 District Judge

Ms Margaret K M Chan, instructed by Messrs P C Woo & Co, for the plaintiff

Ms Lydia Leung and Mr Christopher KH To, instructed by Messrs Mohnani & Associates, for the defendant

[2024] HKDC 2110-CH-2024-12-16

香港平民屋宇有限公司 對 譚蕙蘭

HTML content

DCCJ 5505/2023、DCCJ 5507/2023、DCCJ 5509/2023、DCCJ 5511/2023、

DCCJ 5545/2023、DCCJ 5546/2023、DCCJ 5579/2023、DCCJ 5582/2023、DCCJ 5613/2023、DCCJ 5614/2023、DCCJ 39/2024、DCCJ 42/2024及

DCCJ 2496/2024

[2024] HKDC 2110

DCCJ 5505/2023

香港特別行政區

區域法院

民事訴訟2023年第5505號

--------------------

THE HONG KONG SETTLERS HOUSING CORPORATION LIMITED
(香港平民屋宇有限公司)
原告人
及
YAN KWOK YIP (甄國業)被告人

--------------------

DCCJ 5507/2023

香港特別行政區

區域法院

民事訴訟2023年第5507號

--------------------

THE HONG KONG SETTLERS HOUSING CORPORATION LIMITED
(香港平民屋宇有限公司)
原告人
及
CHO CHEUK CHEE AMY (曹綽芝)被告人

--------------------

DCCJ 5509/2023

香港特別行政區

區域法院

民事訴訟2023年第5509號

--------------------
THE HONG KONG SETTLERS HOUSING CORPORATION LIMITED
(香港平民屋宇有限公司)
原告人
及
KWAN WAI KIN (關偉建)被告人

--------------------

DCCJ 5511/2023

香港特別行政區

區域法院

民事訴訟2023年第5511號

--------------------

THE HONG KONG SETTLERS HOUSING CORPORATION LIMITED
(香港平民屋宇有限公司)
原告人
及
LEUNG AH DUEN (梁亞端)被告人

--------------------

DCCJ 5545/2023

香港特別行政區

區域法院

民事訴訟2023年第5545號

--------------------

THE HONG KONG SETTLERS HOUSING CORPORATION LIMITED
(香港平民屋宇有限公司)
原告人
及
WONG WING SHAN (黃詠珊)被告人

--------------------

DCCJ 5546/2023

香港特別行政區

區域法院

民事訴訟2023年第5546號

--------------------

THE HONG KONG SETTLERS HOUSING CORPORATION LIMITED
(香港平民屋宇有限公司)
原告人
及
MA MEI MEI (馬媚媚)被告人

--------------------

DCCJ 5579/2023

香港特別行政區

區域法院

民事訴訟2023年第5579號

--------------------

THE HONG KONG SETTLERS HOUSING CORPORATION LIMITED
(香港平民屋宇有限公司)
原告人
及
WONG SEK TIM (黃錫添)被告人

--------------------

DCCJ 5582/2023

香港特別行政區

區域法院

民事訴訟2023年第5582號

--------------------

THE HONG KONG SETTLERS HOUSING CORPORATION LIMITED
(香港平民屋宇有限公司)
原告人
及
TAM WAI LAN (譚蕙蘭)被告人

--------------------

DCCJ 5613/2023

香港特別行政區

區域法院

民事訴訟2023年第5613號

--------------------

THE HONG KONG SETTLERS HOUSING CORPORATION LIMITED
(香港平民屋宇有限公司)
原告人
及
CHOW TAK WING (周德榮)被告人

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DCCJ 5614/2023

香港特別行政區

區域法院

民事訴訟2023年第5614號

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THE HONG KONG SETTLERS HOUSING CORPORATION LIMITED
(香港平民屋宇有限公司)
原告人
及
WONG KWAI WING MANGO (黃桂榮)被告人

--------------------

DCCJ 39/2024

香港特別行政區

區域法院

民事訴訟2024年第39號

--------------------

THE HONG KONG SETTLERS HOUSING CORPORATION LIMITED
(香港平民屋宇有限公司)
原告人
及
FUNG TAK LOK (馮德樂)被告人

--------------------

DCCJ 42/2024

香港特別行政區

區域法院

民事訴訟2024年第42號

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THE HONG KONG SETTLERS HOUSING CORPORATION LIMITED
(香港平民屋宇有限公司)
原告人
及
LEE SOO SHIM (李素嬋)被告人

--------------------

DCCJ 2496/2024

香港特別行政區

區域法院

民事訴訟2024年第2496號

--------------------

THE HONG KONG SETTLERS HOUSING CORPORATION LIMITED
(香港平民屋宇有限公司)
原告人
及
CHIU HING SIM (趙慶嬋)被告人

--------------------

(一併審理)

主審法官:區域法院法官林展程內庭聆訊(公開)
聆訊日期:2024年12月16日
判決日期:2024年12月16日

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判決書

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I. 前言

1.  今天是原告人就大坑西邨展開的13宗案件的第一次案件管理會議聆訊。

(1) DCCJ 5511/2023 的被告人(由何卓衡大律師及薛旨呈大律師代表)申請擱置DCCJ 5511/2023的法律程序,等候他於高等法院提出司法覆核(案件編號為HCAL 1600/2024)(「該司法覆核」)的結果,何大律師的替代提議是在該司法覆核審訊後(即2025年4月25日)進行第二次案件管理會議(「該第二次案件管理會議提議」),其間各方繼續進行審訊的預備(例如交換文件清單、交換證人陳述書等),其實這等於沒有擱置,在該第二次案件管理會議提議的爭議是應否批准原告人的快速審訊申請(「該快速審訊申請」);

(2) DCCJ 42/2024的被告人(由譚俊傑大律師及蕭詠藍大律師代表)雖然沒有展開任何司法覆核,亦未存檔抗辯書,但他亦申請擱置DCCJ 42/2024的法律程序,等候該司法覆核的結果,但不同意該第二次案件管理會議提議;

(3) 另外,雖然DCCJ 39/2024、DCCJ 5509/2023、DCCJ 5582/2023及DCCJ 5614/2023的被告人(由梁晴怡大律師及杜加栩大律師代表)沒有提出任何司法覆核亦沒有正式提出擱置申請,但他們也支持DCCJ 5511/2023 的被告人及DCCJ 42/2024的被告人的擱置申請(兩個申請合稱「該擱置申請」),亦支持何大律師的該第二次案件管理會議提議;

(4) DCCJ 5579/2023的被告人(由孫波律師代表)沒有提出任何司法覆核亦沒有正式提出擱置申請,但他們也支持該擱置申請,但不支持該第二次案件管理會議提議;及

(5) 其他案件的被告人及打算加入訴訟的擬被告人或利害關係方(均沒有律師代表)雖然沒有提出類似的司法覆核程序,但認為該司法覆核亦會影響他們的案件,因此亦支持該擱置申請,並同意譚大律師(代表DCCJ 42/2024的被告人)的建議,完全擱置區域法院程序;及

(6) 原告人(由馮柏棟資深大律師、陸栩然大律師、羅鈞培大律師及陳嘉敏大律師代表)反對該擱置申請,並如上述,申請快速審訊,請求法庭立刻定出第二次案件管理會議及/或審前覆核聆訊及審訊的日期。

II. 背景

2.  於1953年,石峽尾木屋區發生大火,燒毀了在大坑西邨現址的寮屋區。在政府的協助下,原告人在原址興建了光民村。光民村有數百間平房,讓居民購買或承租。

3.  於1961年,原告人以特惠地價從政府取得光民村的土地及附近的額外土地以興建大坑西邨。興建大坑西邨須先清拆光民村。在清拆光民村及興建大坑西邨期間,受影響之居民暫住由政府提供的臨時住所。

4.  大坑西邨約於1965年落成。落成後,原告人與受光民村之清拆影響的居民及其他低收入人士各別簽署租約,以業主身份出租大坑西邨單位給他們。

5.  於2014年,原告人建議清拆大坑西邨以興建資助房屋出售。約於2016年,城市規劃委員會在附帶指引性條文(關於妥善安置居民)的基礎上批准香港平民屋宇有限公司(即原告人)就大坑西邨重建規劃之申請。於2021年,原告人跟市區重建局簽訂合作備忘錄,合作進行大坑西邨的重建項目,並由原告人負責安排租戶的搬遷及重置事宜。

6.  原告人在安排租戶的搬遷及重置事宜,就某些受影響的居民,作出了一些決定(「該決定」),即:

(1) 原告人只給予那些居民一筆過的租金資助作為清拆大坑西邨以興建資助房屋時的搬遷及重置安排 (「該決定 (1) 」);及

(2) 在該決定 (1) 的前提下,終止租約及驅逐租客 (「該決定 (2)」)。

III. 該司法覆核

7.  於2024年9月16日,DCCJ 5511/2023 的被告人,就該決定向高等法院提出司法覆核申請許可(即該司法覆核),要求法庭就該決定發出移審令(order of certiorari),及禁止令(prohibition order)禁止原告人在有妥當及合法(proper and lawful)的搬遷及重置安排前驅逐DCCJ 5511/2023 的被告人。於2024年9月16日,高等法院原訟庭批准該司法覆核申請(見 [2024] HKCFI 2592),並已定於2025年4月25日進行1天的審訊。

8.  該司法覆核主要有三個理由,正如該司法覆核第86A表格第15段所述:

“Ground 1: The Decisions [即該決定]had the cumulative effect of terminating the Applicant’s tenancy before commensurate alternative housing is provided to the Applicant during the redevelopment period, in breach of the applicable policy/Government directives (both as directed by the Government and which HKSHC had represented to the Legislative Council) which stipulated that satisfactory rehousing and relocation of affected residents is a precondition to redevelopment, and are thus unlawful;

Ground 2: The Rehousing Arrangement Decision [即該決定 (1)] where a One-Off Rental Subsidy is given to the Applicant to find alternative accommodation on her own with no guarantee that she will be able to secure comparable alternative housing for the entire redevelopment period, as well as the Eviction Decision [即該決定 (2)] which evicted the Applicant and her family from the Flat before a proper and lawful rehousing arrangement is devised, are irrational, perverse and Wednesbury unreasonable; and

Ground 3: The HKSHC is also in breach of the Applicant’s substantive legitimate expectation when it reneged on: (a) the Government-mandated directives; and (b) its prior representations to the general public via its statement to the Legislative Council, in failing to devise a proper and lawful rehousing arrangement for affected residents and proceedings to evict those residents before such an arrangement is properly put in place.”

9.  在該司法覆核中,DCCJ 5511/2023 的被告人申請的禁止令,禁止原告人在有妥當及合法(proper and lawful)的搬遷及重置安排前驅逐DCCJ 5511/2023 的被告人。當中的「妥當及合法」(proper and lawful)沒有指明哪些特定安排及/或賠償金額才是「妥當及合法」。

10.  沒有爭議的是,區域法院沒有司法管轄權處理司法覆核的案件。

IV. 各被告人的抗辯理由

11.  DCCJ 5507/2023 的被告人、DCCJ 5546/2023 的被告人、DCCJ 5614/2023 的被告人及DCCJ 5509/2023 的被告人已存檔抗辯書。他們的抗辯書均由Mohnani & Associates 代表存檔,而DCCJ 5507/2023 及DCCJ 5546/2023的被告人現在沒有律師代表。另外,DCCJ 5505/2023 的被告人亦已存檔抗辯書。簡單而言,這5 宗案件的被告人的抗辯理由是:

(1) 於1953年左右,被告人的上一輩及其家人受原告人分置光民村的其中一間平屋;

(2) 於1956年左右,被告人的上一輩與原告人簽訂協議,若被告人的上一輩繳付原告人一筆特定數額的金錢,平屋便成為被告人的上一輩的物業;

(3) 依賴這協議或承諾,被告人的上一輩繳付原告人一筆特定數額的金錢,成為「認可居民」(“approved settler”);

(4) 如上述,於1961年,原告人以特惠地價從政府取得光民村的土地及附近的額外土地以興建大坑西邨。其間,被告人的上一輩及其家人獲安排暫住政府提供的住屋。原告人及政府承諾,被告人的上一輩及其家人將獲安排重置於大坑西邨;

(5) 於1964年左右,被告人的上一輩及其家人獲重置於大坑西邨。被告人的上一輩成為「認可居民」;

(6) 被告人的上一輩過身後,被告人成為「認可居民」的繼承者;

(7) 被告人認為,被告人的上一輩繳付原告人一筆特定數額的金錢後成為光民村的平屋的擁有人。其後他們依賴原告人及政府承諾,即被告人的上一輩及其家人將獲安排重置於大坑西邨,被告人的上一輩同意搬離光民村。因此,基於 「所有權上不容反悔原則」(proprietary estoppel )及/或「承諾不容反悔原則」(promissory estoppel )被告人的上一輩在大坑西邨的單位有物業權及/或原告人不能搔擾被告人的上一輩在大坑西邨的單位的管有及享用權;

(8) 被告人成為「認可居民」的繼承者,便繼承被告人的上一輩在大坑西邨的單位的物業權及/或原告人不能搔擾被告人的上一輩在大坑西邨的單位的管有及享用權;及

(9) 因此,原告人不能終止有關租約便能收回有關單位。

12.  這抗辯理由是私法的抗辯理由,與公法 (public law) 沒有關係,亦沒成為在該司法覆核的理由。

13.  另外,根據梁大律師的陳詞,DCCJ 5614/2023 的被告人及DCCJ 5509/2023 的被告人將會申請司法覆核許可,就被告人「認可居民」的身份進行司法覆核,但因搜集證據需時,未能提交申請司法覆核許可的86號表格。似乎DCCJ 5507/2023 及DCCJ 5546/2023的被告人亦有可能依賴同樣或相似的公法理由。

14.  DCCJ 5511/2023 的被告、DCCJ 5545/2023 的被告人、DCCJ 5613/2023 的被告人及DCCJ 5509/2023 的被告人亦已存檔抗辯書。他們的抗辯理由不盡相同,當中有些與該司法覆核的理由有相同或相似之處。

15.  在本席詢問下,何大律師(代表DCCJ 5511/2023 的被告)在這刻未能確認他的唯一抗辯理由便是該司法覆核的理由,並提及他會申請修改抗辯書,但在這刻仍未有任何修改抗辯書的草稿。譚大律師(代表DCCJ 42/2024的被告人)雖未有存檔抗辯書,但確認該司法覆核是及將會是他的唯一的抗辯理由。

16.  大多數案件的程序均在入稟狀階段,未有文件清單交換,更遑論證人陳述書的交換。

V. 擱置申請

A. 法律原則

17.  該擱置申請的擱置,並不是永久擱置 (permanent stay),亦不是完全剝奪訴訟人進行訴訟的權利。本申請的擱置基礎亦不是申索無理、濫用司法程序、或法庭剔除申索的權力的申延、或同時有相關的刑事案件進行。本申請的擱置,是案件管理的擱置 (case-management stay)。

18.  考慮會否行使酌情權作出或不作出案件管理的擱置,法庭要考慮:

(1) 便利所在 (“balance of convenience”) ;

(2) 與訟各方之間的公平所在 (“fairness as between the parties”);及

(3) 要確保有邏輯地、公平地及有成本效益地使用法庭程序 (“to ensure that its procedures are used in a logical, fair and cost-efficient manner”)。

見高等法院原訟庭法官關淑馨(當時的官階)於ReChime Corporation Ltd, HCMP 4146/2001 (日期為2005年3月11日) 的判詞第14段;Lok Man Sin v Lam Chi Wing[2019] HKCFI 56第20段。

19.  另外,雖然Linfield Ltd v Taoho Design Architects Ltd [2002] 2 HKC 204是永久擱置的案件,但高等法院原訟庭法官馬道立(當時的官階)在該案第11-14及16段中闡述的法律原則及其應用,仍有參考價值。在該案中所闡述的法律原則及其應用為:

(1) 最基本的原則是,法院須考慮擱置或不擱置或怎樣擱置才能夠在各方間主持公義及執行公義;

(2) 擱置須不會對原告人不公;

(3) 申請人須證明,繼續訴訟會欺壓或無理纏擾申請人,或構成濫用司法程序並構成不公;

(4) 若訴訟是原告人本身有權展開的,他的權利不應受到剝削,除非有非常好的理由去削減他的權利;及

(5) 法庭會考慮案件的與訟各方是否相同或相似、及案件的爭議問題是否相同或相似及一件案件的決定會否與另一案件的決定有不一致。

20.  本席認為,前段第 (3) 及 (4) 項的因素,在案件管理的擱置的申請並不相干,因為如上述,案件管理的擱置的基礎並不是 (3) 的原因(若繼續訴訟會欺壓或無理纏擾申請人,或構成濫用司法程序並構成不公),亦不是 (4) 所述會削減原告人的訴訟權利,但當然若案件管理的擱置的時間預計會很長,法庭仍須考慮擱置會否實質削減原告人的訴訟權利。另外,本席認為,前段第 (5) 因素是法庭程序能否有邏輯地、公平地及有成本效益地使用的其中一個重要考慮。

21.  何大律師(代表DCCJ 5511/2023 的被告人)及譚大律師(代表DCCJ 42/2024的被告人),引用了幾個英國的案例,以支持該擱置申請。梁大律師(代表DCCJ 39/2024、DCCJ 5509/2023、DCCJ 5582/2023及DCCJ 5614/2023的被告人)亦採納這些案例以支持該擱置申請。這些案例並沒有就案件管理擱置的問題決定任何新的法律原則。本席在此先就這些案件作出分析:

(1) 在Avon County Council v Buscott and Anors [1988] 1 QB 656 中,被告人在業主展開的私法訴訟的唯一抗辯理由完全是公法的理由。在該案中,英國上訴法院亦特別指出被告人在私法上根本毫無抗辯理由(見663C-E)。在這情況下,英國上訴法院作出一些沒有約束力的附帶意見(見663G-H):認為若果被告人申請押後以讓他在高等法院提出司法覆核,而若該司法覆核的申請有合理勝訴的機會,法庭應該押後私法訴訟的程序 (“If an application had been made to Stuart-Smith J for an adjournment to enable judicial review proceedings to be taken, he would have had to have asked himself whether there was any real chance of leave to apply being granted. If he had thought that there was a real possibility, he should… have granted an adjournment.”)。該案明顯與席前的案件不同,在席前的案件中(除DCCJ 42/2024的被告人外),沒有一個被告人能向本席確認他唯一的抗辯理由便是該司法覆核的理由,而被告人在區域法院提出或會提出的私法的抗辯理由,在區域法院的案件繼續進行,亦只會從私法的角度處理抗辯理由,完全不會(亦沒有司法管轄權)處理該司法覆核或任何司法覆核的任何公法理由。

(2) 在North British Housing Association v Matthews [2005] 1 WLR 3133中,英國上訴法院指出,在該案有關的法例(Housing Act 1988)的條款下,法庭只有在特別情況下 (“exceptional circumstances”)才會押後在該法例下展開的收樓程序,而因行政失誤而造成錯誤的租金計算也不是這些特別情況之一,因此法庭無權押後在該法例下展開的收樓程序(見第32段)。顯而易見,該案的判決理由是有關Housing Act 1988的詮釋及應用。在討論當中,英國上訴法院在第12段提出一個例子,就是當業主是公營機構,而租客就業主濫權有可爭辯的抗辯理由,法庭可押後有關程序讓租客申請司法覆核( “…where the landlord is a public body, and the tenant may have an arguable defence based on abuse of power… Where the court is satisfied that there is a real chance that the tenant would be given permission to apply for judicial review… the court may grant an adjournment of the possession proceedings to allow the tenant to take that course: Manchester City Councilv Cochrane and another [1999] 1 WLR 809” )。本席認為:第一,英國上訴法院沒有指明法庭一定要押後有關收樓程序;第二,這個例子中,似乎租客的唯一抗辯理由便是這個公法的理由,這明顯與席前的案件不同,如上述,在席前的案件中(除了DCCJ 42/2024的答辯人外),沒有一個被告人能向本席確認他唯一的抗辯理由便是該司法覆核的理由;第三,這只是一個例子,是對法庭沒有約束力的附帶意見。

(3) 至於Manchester City Councilv Cochrane and Anor [1999] 1 WLR 809一案,英國上訴法院要處理的問題是地區法院(county courts)在 Housing Act 1996 展開的收樓程序中有沒有權去覆核就業主的收樓程序決定(見819H)。在附帶意見中,法庭亦提出法庭有權在適當的情況下押後收樓程序讓租客展開司法覆核(“It does not appear to me open to the court… to do more in an appropriate case than grant a temporary adjournment pending the taking of other properly constituted proceedings in another jurisdiction by way of judicial review in order to establish the validity of the decision by the local authority to bring the possession proceedings”)。法庭有權在適當的情況下押後法律程序當然是不爭的事實。問題是甚麼是適當的情況。

(4) 在Manchester City Council v Pinnock [2011] 2 AC 104 一案,英國最高法院要解決的問題是,在Housing Act 1996 及《歐洲人權公約》下,地區法院在Housing Act的收樓程序中有沒有權根據《歐洲人權公約》第8條分析有關人權問題。英國最高法院詮釋有關條文後,在第80段認為地區法院有這權力。在第81段,英國最高法院似乎認為,無論那些條文的詮釋是怎樣也好,因為就算在私法程序中,被告人也可提出公法作為抗辯理由,所以地區法院也應有權力去處理這些公法的抗辯理由。本席認為,第一,這是附帶意見,沒有約束力;第二,這附帶意見與本席要決定應否擱置無關,特別是如上述,在席前的案件中(除了DCCJ 42/2024的答辯人外),沒有一個被告人能向本席確認他唯一的抗辯理由便是該司法覆核的理由。

(5) 在 Anthony Sherman v The Commissioners for HM Revenue & Customs [2017] UKFTT 152 (TC) 中,上訴人就稅務局因他未如期支付某些款項而發出的罰款通知向稅務審裁處提出上訴,他唯一的抗辯理由是那些款項正受司法覆核的挑戰,所以他有合理辯解(reasonable excuse)不支付那些款項。是否合理辯解,司法覆核的結果是一個很重要的因素(見第5段)。在這情況下,稅務審裁處同意暫時擱置上訴程序等待司法覆核的結果。雖然在該案的抗辯理由不是司法覆核的理由的本身, 但在該案中司法覆核結果會是該案上訴人唯一抗辯理由的基礎。這與本案不同,如上述,在席前的案件中(除了DCCJ 42/2024的答辯人外),沒有一個被告人能向本席確認他唯一的抗辯理由便是該司法覆核的理由。同樣,沒有一個被告人能向本席確認該司法覆核結果基本上會決定他所有抗辯理由的有效性,本席在這階段亦無法預測有沒有其他抗辯理由一定會決定性地受司法覆核結果影響。

(6) 在 Wandsworth LBC v Winder [1985] 1 AC 461中,倫敦市地方議會是涉案物業的業主,根據Housing Act 1957 向被告人租出有關物業。根據該條例,地方議會有責任不時覆核及調整租金。地方議會根據該條例決議向被告人加租。被告人拒絕繳交調整的租金,地方議會在地區法院(county court)向被告人作出申索,要求被告人繳交已調整的租金。被告人的唯一抗辯理由是地方議會加租的權力行使不當。英國上議院要解決的問題是,被告人以這個公法的理由作為抗辯理由,而並不是以司法發覆核形式提出,是否濫用司法程序而須被剔除(見504G及506D)。英國上議院認為,被告人不是自己主動選擇以私法訴訟形式去提出這個公法的抗辯理由,而是地方議會以私法訴訟形式對被告人作出申索,因此被告人沒有濫用司法程序,抗辯亦不須剔除。本席認為該案對本席現在要處理的問題沒有幫助。第一、在席前的案件,原告人並不是說被告人現在濫用司法程序。是否濫用司法程序或要被剔除是一回事,區域法院要怎樣處理這公法的抗辯理由是另外一回事;第二、該案件完全與擱置無關,本席亦留意到在該案中,地方議會不是申請收樓,而是申索租金,而被告人亦在法庭存了申索的金額,所以根本沒有任何迫切性要討論擱置與否; 第三、如上述,在席前的案件中(除了DCCJ 42/2024的答辯人外),沒有一個被告人能向本席確認他唯一的抗辯理由便是該司法覆核的理由。

(7) Kay v Lambeth LBC [2006] 2 AC 465 的問題也相似,英國最高法院亦有引用Wandsworth LBC v Winder。基於相同原因,本席同樣認為Kay v Lambeth LBC對本席要處理的問題沒有幫助。

22.  在分析上述案件時,本席多番指出在席前的案件中(除了DCCJ 42/2024的答辯人外),沒有一個被告人能向本席確認他唯一的抗辯理由便是該司法覆核的理由。本席認為這是一個重要的考慮因素,因為若現在案件繼續進行,在一案不能二審的法律(res judicata)原則下,被告人便需要提出所有他能提出的抗辯理由,換句話說,所有該司法覆核以外的抗辯理均要提出。至於DCCJ 42/2024的被告人,就算他能確認,卻在今天仍未有抗辯書的草稿給法庭考慮,本席亦認為儘管譚大律師的口頭確認,之後若被告人的抗辯書有異(例如像DCCJ 5507/2023 及DCCJ 5546/2023的被告人由本來有律師代表到現在沒有),也未必能以譚大律師的口頭確認作為不准許他包含其他抗辯理由的抗辯書,因此,穩妥起見,本席認為現階段應當DCCJ 42/2024的被告人有可能有其他抗辯理由。

23.  總括而言,本席認為,上述的英國案例的唯一參考價值(如有的話),便是案件管理擱置的法律原則對事實敏感(fact-sensitive),不能只從有沒有司法覆核便決定是否擱置現有程序。若依賴這些英國案例以支持一條概括的法律原則——每有司法覆核,則私法訴訟便要擱置,本席不能同意。

B. 分析

24.  各方沒有爭議的是,盡快進行重建合乎公眾利益。但這是假設原告人的確有權收樓。原告人是否有權收樓,要通過法律程序解決,法律程序的進行,亦要對各方公平公正。

25.  另外,法庭不能只顧公眾利益而忽略各被告人的個人權利。

26.  聽取各方陳詞後,就各被告人支持擱置的理由,可以分為以下幾個:

(1) 若該司法覆核勝訴,原告人重新訂下的收樓條件可能會受被告人接納。這情況下,區域法院的訴訟會變得無意義,浪費在區域法院的訴訟所用的法庭資源、訟費及時間;

(2) 被告人在區域法院案件中的抗辯權利;

(3) 被告人在高等法院中進行司法覆核的權利;

(4) 若區域法院案件的結果先於該司法覆核的結果,而若果區域法院案件的結果對原告人有利(例如准許原告人收樓),則該司法覆核會變得毫無意義;及

(5) 被告人的住屋權利。

27.  為方便起見,本席會簡稱上述理由為「理由 (1) 」、「理由 (2)」至「理由 (5) 」。

28.  理由(1)、(2) 及 (3) 可同時處理。理由 (1) 是假設 (a) 該司法覆核勝訴;及 (b) 被告人會接納原告人重新定下的收樓條件。若這兩個假設變為事實,則本席認同區域法院的訴訟會變得毫無意義,及在這層面上,亦的確會浪費區域法院的資源、訟費及時間。這牽涉到理由 (2) 及 (3)。

29.  若該司法覆核敗訴,各被告人在區域法院案件中已提出或將會提出的抗辯理由便成為他們唯一的抗辯理由。若有被告人說他唯一的抗辯理由便是該司法覆核的理由,若該司法覆核敗訴,在區域法院他們便沒有抗辯理由。在這情況下,若屆時區域法院才處理被告人的抗辯理由,或屆時被告人見司法覆核敗訴才提出新的抗辯理由,將會造成相當的延誤。相反,若現在案件繼續進行,如上述,在一案不能二審的法律(res judicata)原則下,被告人便需要提出所有他能提出的抗辯理由。

30.  若該司法覆核勝訴,則不代表各被告人在區域法院案件中的抗辯理由會變得毫無意義。因為該司法覆核勝訴,只是代表該決定無效,及原告人須重新就搬遷賠償等問題作出妥當及合法的決定。在原告人重新就搬遷賠償等問題作決定後,即使假設原告人新的決定不會受司法覆核的挑戰,各被告人仍可提出他們現在於或會於區域法院案件中的私法的抗辯理由,爭訟原告人能否根據有關租約本身收樓及驅逐被告人。更甚,若有被告人說他唯一的抗辯理由便是該司法覆核的理由,若他勝訴,但在新的搬遷賠償方案出爐後才提出私法的抗辯理由,這亦會造成相當的延誤。相反,如上述,若現在案件繼續進行,在一案不能二審的法律原則下,被告人便需要提出所有他能提出的抗辯理由。

31.  換句話說,若擱置區域法院案件直至該司法覆核有結果為止,無論該司法覆核的結果是怎樣,區域法院案件的抗辯理由仍有相當機會需要區域法院作出定斷。

32.  另外,該司法覆核其中的一個法律問題是(簡單來說)公用土地的使用是否能被司法覆核。雖然在過去香港法庭的答案一般來說是否定的,但終審法庭上訴委員會於2024年8月19日 Sime Darby Motor Services Limited v Director of Lands[2024] HKCFA 26一案中,終審法院似乎會重新審視這個法律問題,而實質訴聆訊已定於2025年4月1日進行。而該司法覆核則定於2025年4月25日審訊。因此,即使假設該司法覆核的其他問題不會受上訴挑戰,若要等到該司法覆核有一個較為明朗的結果,保守估計,仍需要從今天起計至少4至5個月的時間。若屆時才從重新啟動程序,保守估計,區域法院的案件至少都要在2025年尾或2026年第一季才有結果,這估計當然還未包括在程序中有可能出現的不穩定因素(例如一些非正審申請、延期申請),亦不包括各方會作出上訴的可能性。

33.  若最終是原告人有權收樓,則這便會使重建計劃的進度受到拖延,公眾利益受損。若最終是被告人有權繼續居住,拖延則不會對被告人造成任何權益損失,頂多須要繳付中間收益(mesne profits),但嚴格來說,這也不是損失,因為被告人就算是居住其他地方,也需要繳付租金或供款。

34.  另外,若被告人在法律上有權繼續居住,他們便能選擇繼續居住;若被告人在法律上無權繼續居住,法庭也愛莫能助。所以本席認為,若不擱置,在這層面不會對被告人造成任何不公,本席甚至認為各被告人亦希望能盡快從法庭中得到一個判決,好讓他們能知道他們權益所在而作出相應安排。

35.  因此,本席認為理由 (1) 、(2) 及 (3) 本身不足以支持被告人的擱置申請。

36.  理由(4):該司法覆核會變得毫無意義是基於兩個假設,即 (a) 區域法院案件的結果先於該司法覆核的結果;及 (b) 區域法院案件的結果對原告人有利。

37.  首先,若這兩個假設同時實現,DCCJ 5511/2023 的被告人唯一剩下來的理據便只有該司法覆核的理據,而並不是投訴原告人在區域法院展開的訴訟本身有問題。因此,若這兩個假設同時實現,而DCCJ 5511/2023 的被告人認為該司法覆核未有結果所以原告人不應甚至沒有合法權限去執行區域法院的判決,邏輯上他應在該司法覆核案中向高等法院申請非正審禁制令,因為DCCJ 5511/2023 的被告人其實是投訴原告人沒有依公法原則作出該決定。這亦適用於任何依賴該司法覆核理由作為抗辯的被告人,他們若認為適合,大可申請加入該司法覆核為利害關係方並申請非正審禁制令。這做法似乎更為合適,因為若唯一剩下來的理據只有該司法覆核的理據,聽審的高等法院原訟庭法官就應否發出非正審禁制令會有更好的掌握(例如:他會更清楚知道該司法覆核案的是非曲直、他能更好地預計何時頒下判決以判定非正審禁制令是否有迫切性)。

38.  無論怎樣,若這兩個假設同時實現,被告人在區域法院屆時有權申請暫緩執行有關命令。雖然本席不會說法庭必須或必定會暫緩執行有關命令,但在這階段,本席認為被告人有好的理由去支持暫緩執行:即若不暫緩執行,該司法覆核會變得毫無意義。就這方面,本席甚至有考慮過可否在現階段便作出一個有限度的擱置命令,只擱置執行任何對原告人有利的最終命令。但由於考慮到如此的擱置命令的條款會有很多假設(例如假設最終結果先於該司法覆核的最終結果,又要假設在區域法院案件有對原告人有利的最終結果,這又會產生甚麼是對原告人有利的結果的詮釋問題),如此行使酌情權會變得學術性及可能引致一些無謂的爭拗或不明確的狀況,因此本席認為不合適。

39.  本席再次強調,若 (a) 區域法院案件的結果先於該司法覆核的結果;及 (b) 區域法院案件的結果對原告人有利,本席在這階段認為,被告人可考慮向高等法院申請非正審命令;另外,被告人亦有好的理由去支持在區域法院申請暫緩執行令。

40.  基於上述分析,即使現在沒有擱置,並假設上述 (a) 及 (b) 也同時發生,也不代表原告人一定能立即收樓,所以理由 (4) 本身不足以支持被告人的擱置申請。

41.  理由(5):被告人的住屋權利。若這住屋權利是指被告人在私法或公法上的抗辯權利或該司法覆核的理由,則他們便正正能在有關的法律程序中提出理據,讓原告人說明為什麼他們認為能收樓、讓被告人說明為什麼他們能留在有關物業中繼續居住。但若被告人的住屋權利,是指社會或政府有責任向他們提供住屋,則法庭不是一個合適的地方去探討這個問題。

42.  因此,本席認為理由 (5) 本身不足以支持被告人的擱置申請。

43.  除了上述的個別考慮外,本席就上述理由一併予以考慮。經一併考慮後,本席亦看不到這些理由足以支持被告人的擱置申請。

VI. 該擱置申請的總結

44.  基於上述理由,本席認為:

(1) 便利所在 (“balance of convenience”) 應是讓案件繼續進行;

(2) 與訟各方之間的公平所在 (“fairness as between the parties”) 方面,與訟各方(包括被告人)均應想盡快就他們在法律上的權益得到法庭的判決;及

(3) 特別考慮到該司法覆核的議題與區域法院的案件的議題不同,而該司法覆核誰勝誰負不代表區域法院的案件的議題不需法庭裁決,所以讓程序繼續進行是有邏輯地、公平地及有成本效益地使用法庭程序。

45.  因此,本席拒絕該擱置申請。

46.  如上述,何大律師的「該第二次案件管理會議提議」實則是沒有擱置,只是要求在該司法覆核審理後有第二個案件管理會議而中間的時間繼續如一般程序進行,這涉及原告人的快速審訊申請。

VII. 原告人的快速審訊申請

47.  原告人在2024年9月20日於首席區域法院法官高勁修席前的聆訊的書面陳詞中提及可考慮作出快速審訊指示。於今天的案件管理會議聆訊之前、並在未知悉該司法覆核會在2025年4月25日審訊時,本席向各方發出書面指示,要求各方考慮,若法庭作出快速審訊指示,時間表應是甚麼。原告人提議的指示,除了時間表比一般案件管理會議的指示短之外,亦提議不需要有第二次案件管理會議及審前覆核聆訊。

48.  考慮是否給予快速審訊指示,法庭要考慮申請人能否證明以下因素(見Qianhai Xinhuakang Financial Holdings (Shenzhen) Ltd v Chen Jiarong[2018] HKCFI 2113 第20-26段):

(1) 快速審訊申請人是否有好的理由(這是最重要的一個因素);

(2) 快速審訊會否對伸張正義有不良的干預;

(3) 快速審訊會否對另一方造成損害;及

(4) 其他特別原因。

49.  就因素(1),原告人提出的理由為,重建需要盡快進行,拖延會影響其他已遷出的居民的回遷日期,他們已收取的租金補償不足夠支持拖延的重建計劃。本席接納這個理由。但現實是,該司法覆核的審訊日期是2025年4月25日。在這情況下,就算根據原告人自己提議的所謂快速審訊指示,也要到2025年5、6 月左右才能進行審訊,這也不見得快了很多。

50.  另外,馮資深大律師亦提議,至少法庭應現在定下審訊日期。馮資深大律師的提議有其吸引之處,但現階段有太多不確定因素。例如,席前的一些案件中,原告人已作出修改入稟狀的申請,而被告人則提出打算修改他們的抗辯書,似乎在這階段便作出審訊的指示,會對被告人造成時間上很大的壓力,對被告人能得到足夠時間去準備審訊有一定程度上的損害,繼而損害被告人能得到公平審訊的權利。這涉及上述因素 (2) 及 (3) 的考慮。

51.  本席亦考慮到,該司法覆核案的審訊日期是2025年4月25日,及終審法院就Sime Darby Motor Services Limited v Director of Lands一案的審訊日期為2025年4月1日,似乎需要一段時間才會有該司法覆核的結果。若以2025年4月25日為一個指標,則即使審訊在該日子之後的相當時間內發生也不會造成重大的拖延。再者,各方應該在2025年4月25日該司法覆核的審訊後,就該司法覆核的進展有較為清楚的資訊。若在該司法覆核審訊後,進行第二次案件管理會議聆訊,則區域法院應能有較全面的資訊去考慮是否需要快速審訊(例如,作出審訊指示時,免除審前覆核聆訊)。

52.  何大律師則強調,在該司法覆核未有結果前,區域法院根本不能審訊,因為該司法覆核索涉區域法院案件的一個根本問題,即原告人有沒有權進行收樓。本席同意一般情況下,這是一個合乎邏輯的案件進行程序,但本席認為若情況適合,區域法庭可同時就其他問題先行處理,待該司法覆核有結果時便可以短時間內有下一部行動(例如,該司法覆核勝訴,至少被告人會知道或很快知道他的權益,可以就原告人新的安排作出相應的考慮)。

53.  然而,在這階段,考慮到該司法覆核的審訊日期及對被告人可能作出的損害,本席認為不適合作出快速審訊指示,亦不適合如原告人所提出定下審前覆核聆訊及審訊日期。

 ( 林展程)
 區域法院法官

  

DCCJ 5505/2023

原告人:由胡百全律師事務所延聘馮柏棟資深大律師、陸栩然大律師及羅鈞培大律師代表

被告人:無律師代表親自應訊,並由李丞祖先生陪同出席聆訊


DCCJ 5507/2023

原告人:由胡百全律師事務所延聘馮柏棟資深大律師、陸栩然大律師及羅鈞培大律師代表

被告人:無律師代表,並親自應訊


DCCJ 5509/2023

原告人:由胡百全律師事務所延聘馮柏棟資深大律師、陸栩然大律師及羅鈞培大律師代表

被告人:由Mohnani & Associates延聘梁晴怡大律師及杜加栩大律師代表


DCCJ 5511/2023

原告人:由胡百全律師事務所延聘馮柏棟資深大律師、陸栩然大律師及羅鈞培大律師代表

被告人:由何謝韋律師事務所延聘何卓衡大律師及薛旨呈大律師代表(以義務性質行事)


DCCJ 5545/2023

原告人:由胡百全律師事務所延聘馮柏棟資深大律師、陸栩然大律師及羅鈞培大律師代表

被告人:無律師代表親自應訊,並由郭基權先生陪同出席聆訊


DCCJ 5546/2023

原告人:由胡百全律師事務所延聘馮柏棟資深大律師、陸栩然大律師及羅鈞培大律師代表

被告人:無律師代表親自應訊,並由洪偉庭先生陪同出席聆訊


DCCJ 5579/2023

原告人:由胡百全律師事務所延聘陳嘉敏大律師代表

被告人:由余劍鋒‧孫波‧丘志強‧麥言之律師行孫波律師代表


DCCJ 5582/2023

原告人:由胡百全律師事務所延聘陳嘉敏大律師代表

被告人:由Mohnani & Associates延聘梁晴怡大律師及杜加栩大律師代表


DCCJ 5613/2023

原告人:由胡百全律師事務所延聘馮柏棟資深大律師、陸栩然大律師及羅鈞培大律師代表

被告人:無律師代表親自應訊,並由周愛群女士陪同出席聆訊


DCCJ 5614/2023

原告人:由胡百全律師事務所延聘馮柏棟資深大律師、陸栩然大律師及羅鈞培大律師代表

被告人:由Mohnani & Associates延聘梁晴怡大律師及杜加栩大律師代表


DCCJ 39/2024

原告人:由胡百全律師事務所延聘馮柏棟資深大律師、陸栩然大律師及羅鈞培大律師代表

被告人:由Mohnani & Associates延聘梁晴怡大律師及杜加栩大律師代表


DCCJ 42/2024

原告人:由胡百全律師事務所延聘馮柏棟資深大律師、陸栩然大律師及羅鈞培大律師代表

被告人:由何謝韋律師事務所延聘譚俊傑大律師及蕭詠藍大律師代表(以義務性質行事)


DCCJ 2496/2024

原告人:由胡百全律師事務所延聘馮柏棟資深大律師、陸栩然大律師及羅鈞培大律師代表

被告人:無律師代表親自應訊,並由李嘉露女士代表出席聆訊