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莫炎熙 對 香港房屋委員會

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101348-CH-2015-11-11

莫炎熙 對 香港房屋委員會

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LDBM 256/2013

香港特别行政區

土地審裁處

建築物管理申請編號2013年第256宗

 

莫炎熙申請人
及
香港房屋委員會答辯人

主審法官:土地審裁處陳玲玲暫委法官

答辯人信件日期:2015年8月31 日

判案書日期:2015年11月11日

_______________

判 案 書
_______________

 

1.  本席於2014年7月8日頒下判詞命令答辯人,香港房屋委員會(“房委會”),須就天頌苑(“屋苑”)未發出樓宇落成證明的住宅單位由1999年12月起繳交管理費,又於2014年12月9日頒下判詞指房委會無權依賴《時效條例》銷減申請人的申索金額(“該裁決”),因而判決房委會需按申請人的案情支付管理費及利息的數額。

2.  房委會就該裁決提出上訴,上訴庭經審理後判房委會上訴得直,並指示本席考慮雙方提出的案情就金額評定再作裁決。房委會提出無需補充證供及陳詞,申請人沒有反對,因此本席基於雙方已呈交的證供及陳詞再作判決。

3.  申請人要求的 “賠償數額” 包括:-

(1) 自1999年12月至2014年8月所欠交的管理費,共45,073,812.31元;

(2) 因欠交的管理費而引發的利息,共26,264,780.82元,即:-

(a) 拖欠管理費而引致的管理費基金自1999年12月至2008年5月所產生的 “利息損失” 按管理費基金的定期存款利息收入的利率計算;及

(b) 自2008年5月至2014年8月所產生的 “欠款利息” 根據公契第6(e)條按最優惠利率加2%計算;及

(3) 因拖欠管理費按金而衍生,自2000年1月至2008年12月的 “利息損失” 及 “欠款利息” ,共436,138.57元。

4.  上述第3(3) 段所提及的由拖欠管理費按金引起的利息申索,本席已於2014年12月9日頒下的判詞中第12-14段作出裁決,無需要在這判決書處理。

5.  申請人及房委會就以下在申請人 “賠償數額” 並無爭議:-

(1) “每月管理費” 金額;

(2) 有關 “利息損失” 計算的 “定期存款利率”;

(3) 有關 “欠款利息” 計算的 “最優惠利率加2%” 的利率;及

(4) 表內的運算。

6.  李大律師代表房委會指出,由於申請人入稟時已超越提訴時限期12年(見《時效條例》第4(3)條),申請人於2013年9月12日展開本訴訟,不得就在2001年9月12日以前已發生的事項提訴。房委會又指公契第6(a) 條訂明管理費應在每月一日以上期繳交,因此,申請人在本案不能就有關2001年9月或以前的管理費或其衍生的利息損失提訴。按房委會的計算,截至2014年8月28日的 “管理費” 及有關期間的 “利息損失” 和 “欠款利息”,總數應為42,413,673.45元。

7.  申請人引用《時效條例》第26(1)(b)及(c)條,指稱房委會錯誤理解公契,又蓄意隱瞞沒有交管理費的事實,導致他沒有及時發覺違規,時效期應被延後:-

《時效條例》

26(1) 在不抵觸第(4)款的條文下,凡訴訟的時效期由本條例訂明,而─

(a) 有關訴訟是基於被告人的欺詐行為;

(b) 被告人蓄意對原告人隱瞞任何有關原告人的訴訟權的事實;或

(c) 該訴訟是為解除某項錯誤所致的結果而尋求濟助,

則時效期在原告人發覺、或經合理努力而應可發覺該欺詐行為、隱瞞或錯誤(視屬何情況而定)之前,並不開始計算。

8.  申請人與房委會的爭議只限於申請人能否,如他所指稱,引用《時效條例》第26(1)(b)及(c)條把提訴時限順延至2009年、甚或是2008年,即他發現違規時才開始計算,這樣說來,倒數12年,即房委會需如本席判決在1999年12月開始繳交管理費。

9.  李大律師認為《時效條例》第26(1)(b)條並不適用,他援引相關案例指出:-

(1) 根據霍法官在Lee Tsan Sum v Wong Pui Hon David [2010] 4 HKLRD 219的判詞(第39(a)及71段),相關的 “事實” 的 “隱瞞” 必須是 “蓄意” 作出的:-

“39. A number of matters were common ground between the parties in respect of s. 26(1)(b) of the Ordinance, namely :

(a)Concealment within the sub-section means a deliberate concealment of relevant facts and the six-year period provided in the section starts to run from the date on which the concealment is discovered :…..”

“71. However, regardless of whether the more limited or wider reading of s. 26(1)(b) is adopted, it remains necessary for a plaintiff to establish that the concealment of facts was a deliberate conscious decision, see per Lord Scott in Cave v Robinson Jarvis & Rolf [2003] 1 AC 348, para. 60:

“I agree that deliberate concealment for s.32(1)(b) [the English equivalent to s.26(1)(b)] purposes may be brought about by an act or an omission and that, in either case, the result of the act or omission, i.e., the concealment, must be an intended result … A claimant who proposes to invoke section 32(1)(b) in order to defeat a Limitation Act defence must prove the facts necessary to bring the case within the paragraph.  He can do so if he can show that some fact relevant to this right of action has been concealed from him either by a positive act of concealment or by any withholding of relevant information, but in either case, with the intention of concealing the fact or facts in question.  In many cases the requisite proof of intention might be quite difficult to provide.  The standard of proof would be the usual balance of probabilities of standard and inferences could of course be drawn from suitable primary facts, but, nonetheless, proof of intention, particularly where an omission rather than a positive act is relied on, is often very difficult.”

(2) 根據Peconic Industrial Development Ltd v Lau Kwok Fai [2009] 2 HKLRD 537判詞第33段,舉証責任在於尋求依頼第26(1)(b)條的一方(即申請人),他須證明下開事項:-

(i) 相關的事實的確被隱瞞;

(ii) 有關的隱瞞是蓄意的;及

(iii) 他一直未有發覺,或即使經合理努力也不可能發覺,該被蓄意隱瞞的事實。

10.  李大律師又指第26(1)(b)條針對的被隱瞞的事項為構成有關訴訟權所需的 “事實”,而非申請人是否有訴訟權,亦非相關的法律觀點或結論。見上述 Lee Tsan Sum案,判詞第41(e)、56及95段:-

“41. It is convenient, at the start of this analysis, to set out the facts which it was contended on behalf of the plaintiff had been concealed.

…….

(e) that the absence of the certificates of exemption gave rise to a possible defect in title of the Property and might have to be cured by a retrospective application for such certificates;”

“56. Fact (e) is not a relevant fact for the simple reason it is not a fact at all but rather an opinion or conclusion of law.”

“95. But, more importantly, it must not be forgotten that, for the purposes of s. 26(1)(b) of the Ordinance, what the plaintiff needs to know is the facts relevant to his cause of action, not that he has a right of action.”

11.  另外,李大律師指《時效條例》第26(1)(c)條只適用於以錯誤為申索訴因的案件 :-

(i) Phillips-Higgins v Harper [1954] 1 QB 411。判詞於第418至419頁:-

“As the statement of claim shows, the plaintiff's claim is to recover moneys due to her under a contract, and the cause of action is the same as if she had sued for each unpaid balance on its due date. By reason of the mistake she failed to realize that the balance was due to her and by that mistake the right of action was concealed from her. But that is not sufficient.  Probably provision (c) applies only where the mistake is an essential ingredient of the cause of action, so that the statement of claim sets out, or should set out, the mistake and its consequences and pray for relief from those consequences. In this case the statement of claim sets out that sums became due and that only a smaller amount of £x has been paid, and the prayer is for an account to ascertain the sums still due and for payment of them when so ascertained.  This action is not for relief from the consequences of a mistake within the meaning of section 26.”

(ii) Halsbury’s Laws of Hong Kong2nd Ed., Vol. 37, 第[245.172]段,編輯引用上述案例指出:-

“It only applies where the mistake is an essential ingredient in the cause of action.”

申請人的案情

12.  申請人的證詞指他從不知悉房委會未有為其名下空置單位繳交管理費。又指它同時利用身為屋苑公契經理人的職權隱瞞相關事件,又從來未向業主公開或通告有關欠交管理費之事宜。因此,他認為房委會蓄意對所有業主隱瞞拖欠管理費之事實(第26(b)條)。

13.  申請人又指房委會卻輕率及錯誤判斷自身在繳交相關管理費上的法律責任,未有履行職責執行公契條文追收相關管理費,又企圖阻止其他業主進行相關的追討或訴訟。他又指由於房委會對相關法例及該公契條文的錯誤判斷及錯誤理解,導致房委會執行錯誤的措施及隱瞞行為。結果,引致房委會在繳交及追收相關管理費行動上的嚴重時間延誤(第26(c)條)。

房委會的案情

14.  房委會傳召詹女士作供,為免重覆,她的證詞會在李大律師的陳詞中引述。本席認為雙方的爭議並不涉及證人的誠信問題。

第26(1)(b)條的應用

15.  李大律師陳詞批評申請人只是空泛地及在毫無實質事實理據支持下,指稱房委會 “蓄意隱瞞” 拖欠管理費,亦沒有解釋為何他不可能經合理努力發覺該所謂隱瞞。他指相反根據房委會的證人詹女士的證供,房委會之所以未有繳交受爭議的管理費,是由於房委會一直認為繳交管理費之責任是在樓宇落成證明發出後才開始。土地審裁處在2014年7月8日頒下的判詞之前,房委會對公契的相關條文的理解是錯誤的。

16.  但是,李大律師引述案例指出房委會因為錯誤理解其繳交管理費的責任,不應被視作有 “隱瞞” 或 “蓄意隱瞞” 它沒有交管理費的事實。

(i) 見上述Cave案,判詞第21段:-

“21. …..A man cannot sensibly be said either to conceal or to fail to disclose something of which he is ignorant. In King v Victor Parsons & Co the Court of Appeal unanimously held that section 26(b) of the 1939 Act did not extend to the case where the defendant ought to have known but did not in fact know the relevant facts which constituted the cause of action against him.”

(ii) 見上述Lee Tsan Sum案,判詞74段:-

“74. But the material question for me is whether Mr David Wong genuinely believed that his view was right.  If so, I do not think it could be said that he deliberately concealed the absence of the Certificates of Exemption from the plaintiff.”

17.  另外,李大律師亦陳詞指《時效條例》第26(3)條不適用:-

“(3) 就第(1)款而言,在若干時間內相當可能不被發覺的情況下蓄意地違反責任,即構成蓄意隱瞞涉及該宗違反責任的事實。”

18.  李大律師指房委會既然不知道它正在違反繳交管理費的責任,便不能根據第26(3)條說房委會是 “蓄意地” 違反繳交管理費的責任。這法律原則亦見上述Cave案,判詞第60及61段:-

“60. …… If the claimant can show that the defendant knew he was committing a breach of duty, or intended to commit the breach of duty……then, if the circumstances are such that the claimant is unlikely to discover for some time that the breach of duty has been committed, the facts involved in the breach are taken to have been deliberately concealed for subsection (1)(b) purposes.”

“61. …..A person may or may not know that an act of his or an omission to do or say something or other constitutes a breach of tortious or contractual duty. ….But that is no reason at all why Parliament, in prescribing the circumstances in which the person injured by the act or omission can escape from a Limitation Act defence, should not distinguish between the case where the actor knows he is committing a breach of duty and the case where he does not. The clear words of section 32(2)—"deliberate commission of a breach of duty"—show that Parliament has made that distinction.”

19.  李大律師陳詞指事實上,房委會不可能隱瞞,亦沒有隱瞞,它在樓宇落成證明發出前並沒有就那些住宅單位繳交管理費的事實,那事實也不可能不被發覺。因此,申請人不能依賴26(3)條指房委會蓄意隱瞞。

20.  根據詹女士的證供,房委會根據公契第25(a)條,委任了獨立管理公司(即新昌地產管理有限公司,其後為新昌管理服務有限公司)(“管理公司”),處理屋苑的管理事務,包括發出管理費單,收納管理費事宜及準備每月張貼在屋苑各座大堂的收支表等。管理公司在此過程必定清楚知悉房委會沒有就未有發出樓宇落成證明的單位繳交管理費。每月收支表一直由管理公司準備及張貼在屋苑各座大堂,屋苑業戶可得知屋苑管理費的收支情況。那些收支表顯示了管理費收入在2001年3至5月間大幅增加,那正是因為房委會是在有關座數(即F, G, H及J座)的樓宇落成證明書發出後才開始就有關單位繳交管理費。

21.  李大律師指申請人只要細閱那些收支表或向管理公司的職員查詢,他定必能一早發覺房委會沒有交相關管理費的事實。另外,正如申請人也說,他是從管理公司處得悉此事,因此沒有證據證明房委會蓄意隱瞞。李大律師指基於以上理由,申請人不能引用《時效條例》第26(1)(b)條把時效期延後。

於第26(1)(c)條的應用

22.  李大律師指《時效條例》第26(1)(c)條在本案明顯不適用。本案的申訴基礎是房委會違反公契,未有按公契的條文規定繳交管理費作為訴因,並不涉及第26(1)(c)條所涵蓋的 “錯誤”(見前文第12段)。

討論

23.  考慮過雙方提出的證據,本席同意李大律師所指申請人有舉證責任,卻未能證實房委會知悉他們未按時繳交管理費構成違反公契行為,繼而蓄意隱瞞沒有繳交管理費的事實。鑒於申請人本身亦指房委會未按時交管理費是 “錯誤的措施”,是源於房委會對公契條文的 “錯誤判斷” 及 “錯誤理解”。本席認為如果申請人都接納房委會是 “錯誤理解” 公契意義,那麼房委會明顯是不知悉己方已違反公契,申請人指控房委會有意圖隱瞞 “違規” 事項不能成立。

24.  就隱瞞事實的指控,申請人最多祇能指房委會從來未有向業主公開或通告有關欠交管理費之事宜,本席認為未有公告不一定構成蓄意隱瞞,特別是在本案的情況,本席接納詹女士的證供指每月收支表包括管理費收入,都按時張貼在大堂,本席接納她的證供指房委會沒有蓄意隱瞞沒有交管理費的事。

25.  另一方面本席亦接納申請人所指從月結單的內容,不一定讓業戶輕易察覺房委會未有為所有樓宇繳交管理費,不過,卻足以削弱申請人對房委會蓄意隱瞞的指控。本席認為尋求明白張貼月結單的內容是申請人的責任,本席同意申請人只要向管理公司查詢便可得知。此外,屋苑的收支也需要每年作出預算,這預算須由業主委員會審核(見公契第12(c)段),其中管理費收入必然反映在周年預算中,再者大廈公契是業主們可以得到的文件,基於這些原因,本席裁定房委會沒有刻意不提供一些資料或事實,以隱瞞沒有繳交管理費的事實,因此,本席裁定房委會沒有蓄意隱瞞,申請人不能依賴第26(1)(b)條。

26.  至於第26(1)(c)條的應用,本席同意李大律師的陳詞指必須以 “錯誤” 為訴因的重要元素(見前文12(ii)段引用Halsbury’sLaws of Hong Kong)。

27.  另外,在Phillips-Higgins v Harper案中,法庭指原告人的訴狀(pleadings)未有包括相等於《時效條例》第26條(c)下的 “錯誤”為其中一項訴因及以此為申請濟助的基礎,因而判原告人不能延長訴訟期限。李大律師指同樣申請人也沒有在申請通知書中提出以 “錯誤”為理據作申索,因此不能依賴第26(1)(c)條。本席認為審裁處以非形式化程序進行,本席不能單單以同一理據立即拒絕申請人依賴第26(1)(c)條,不過從申請人所提交的證據及論點看來,他確實沒有提供任何基礎支持他可以引用第26(1)(c)條的說法。

28.  從本席面前的證據及陳詞看來,申請人可能混淆了 “錯誤”(mistake)與過失及失誤。廣義而言(包括狀書及證人陳述書),他提出的訴訟是基於 “房委會未有依據《建築物管理條例》及公契繳付管理費”, “對相關法例及該公契條文的錯誤判斷及錯誤理解”,導致房委會 “執行錯誤的措施”。本席認為他指控的核心不是 “錯誤” 而是房委會犯了過失而違反公契。

29.  此外,申請人從來沒有指稱自己對公契有錯誤理解,他的說法是房委會蓄意隱瞞導致他不知情,沒有發現違規事件。根據合約法下 “錯誤” 的法律原則,其中一種 “錯誤” 情況是雙方基於對事實或法律錯誤理解而達成協議,這構成共通的錯誤(common mistake)。不過明顯申請人沒有這說法。另一種 “錯誤”情況是溝通錯誤(mistake in communication),這包括雙方(mutual)或一方(unilateral)持錯誤理解而達成協議,申請人也沒有這說法。關於錯誤的法律原則見Chitty On Contracts Vol 1 31st Ed. at paragraph 5-001:-

“The doctrine of mistake in the law of contract deals with two rather different situations. In the first, the parties are agreed on the terms of the contract but have entered it under a shared and fundamental misapprehension as to the facts or the law. Cases in this category are now usually referred to as “common mistake, for normally the mistake is legally relevant only if both parties have contracted under the same misapprehension. In the second, there is some mistake or misunderstanding in the communications between the parties which prevents there being an effective agreement or at least means that there is no agreement on the terms apparently stated. This secondary category of mistake, which can generally be referred to as “mistake in communication”, includes “mutual misunderstanding”…..and “unilateral mistake”, where only one of the parties is mistaken, over the terms of the contract or the identity of the other party.”

30.  一般而言,依賴 “錯誤”的一方通常要求的濟助是廢止(to rescind)該由錯誤理解而達成的合約,讓自己不再被約束,或要求法庭在合約字句上加以修訂(rectification),使合約可繼續進行。申請人的立場是相反的,如上所述,他從來沒有指稱因自己的錯誤理解而達成協議,他確信自己對公契的詮釋是正確的, “錯誤” 在於房委會。他要求的濟助也有別於一般在 “錯誤” 訴因下要求的濟助,於此本席認為他從來沒有將他的案情建基於他是因錯誤理解而達成協議。

31.  本席接納李大律師所指 “錯誤詮釋” 關於繳交管理費責任的公契條文,並非第26(1)(c)條中所指的“錯誤”(mistake),但這錯誤詮釋導致房委會違反公契條款(breach of the deed of mutual covenant),違反公契條款才是申請人提出申索的基礎。本席裁定申請人不能依賴《時效條例》第26(1)(c)條。

32.  如果本席對條例中 “蓄意隱瞞” 及 “錯誤” 的詮釋不正確的話,本席亦不認為申請人可以引用第26條,因為房委會於2001年4月份首次為F、G、H及J座交管理費導致管理費收入有大改變,因此即使申請人未能在較早前的每月張貼月結單看出違規事實,這時間應是申請人可經合理努力而應可發覺房委會之前沒有繳交6座大廈的管理費的事實。但即使時效期由2001年5月或6月才開始計算,申請人於2013年9月12日才入稟,亦已超過了12年的期限,對申請人沒有實質幫助。

結論

33.  基於以上理由,本席裁定申請人不能依賴《時效條例》第26(1)(b) 及(c)條。因此,房委會須繳交:-

(1) 由2001年10月起計直至2008年10月的欠繳管理費數額為27,636,298.67元;

(2) 相關利息:-

(a) 2001年10月起計直至2008年5月所產生的 “利息損失” 按管理費基金的定期存款利息收入的利率計算;

(b) 自2008年5月至2014年8月28日所產生的 “欠款利息”,按最優惠利率加2%計算;

(a)和(b) 共為14,777,374.78元;

(c) 自2014年8月29日起直至本命令日以2(b) 段所述利率計算;及

(d) 由本命令日起以判定利率計算直至繳清為止。

訟費

34.  暫准訟費命令,本席就這裁決不作訟費命令。若沒有任何一方於14天內提出訟費更改的申請,這暫准命令則成為絕對命令。

 陳玲玲暫委法官
 土地審裁處

申請人,無律師代表,親自應訊

答辯人由李郭羅律師行轉聘李東明大律師代表應訊

98340-EN-2015-05-08

莫炎熙 v. 香港房屋委員會

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LDBM 256/2013

IN THE LANDS TRIBUNAL OF THE

HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION

BUILDING MANAGEMENT APPLICATION NO. 256 OF 2013

__________________________

BETWEEN

 莫炎熙Applicant
 and
 香港房屋委員會Respondent

__________________________

Coram: Deputy Judge Tracy Chan, Presiding Officer of the Lands Tribunal
Date of Hearing: 24 April 2015
Date of Decision: 8 May 2015

________________

D E C I S I O N
APPLICATION FOR LEAVE TO APPEAL

________________

1. This is an application made by the Respondent of the present Applicant for leave to appeal. For easy reference, in this judgment, the parties remain to be referred to as the Respondent and the Applicant as they had been so referred to in previous judgments.

2. By a Form 1 dated 30 January 2015, the Respondent seeks from the Lands Tribunal (“the Tribunal”):

(1)  Leave to appeal against the Tribunal’s decision dated 7 January 2015 (the “Review Judgment”), refusing the Respondent’s application to review the Tribunal’s decision dated 9 December 2014 (the “Quantum Judgment”); or

(2)  Alternatively, leave for extension of time for the Respondent’s application for leave to appeal against the Quantum Judgment.

3. Mr Mok, S.C. for and on behalf of the Respondent submitted that the point of law concerned in the case is: whether the Tribunal erred in law by refusing to rule on the merit of a legal argument raised by the Respondent in reliance of s.4 of the Limitation Ordinance, Cap. 347 (“the LO”) (“the Limitation Argument”), on the basis that it was not specifically pleaded in accordance with O.18 r.8(1) of the Rules of High Court, Cap. 4A (“the RHC”).

4. It was submitted that the intended appeal has a reasonable prospect of success, and there are other reasons in the interests of justice that the appeal should be heard, as the Tribunal has erred on the point of law on the following grounds namely:-

(1) Ground 1 and 2: The Tribunal did not consider or appropriately apply the informal pleading approach set out in relevant statutory provision and practice, namely: LTO s.10(5)(a) and Direction No.4 (1 July 1986) issued by the then President of Lands Tribunal.

(2) Ground 3: Further and alternatively, the Tribunal failed to apply the fundamental point approach in determining whether it should consider the merit of the Limitation Argument.

(3) Ground 4: The Tribunal wrongly exercised its discretion in applying O.18 r.8 of the RHC to the present proceedings, causing serious prejudice to the Respondent.

 Relevant Background

5. Mr Mok has summarized the background of these proceedings succinctly especially on the history of pleadings.

6. On 12 September 2013, the Applicant, acting in person, commenced these proceedings by filing a standard Form 29 (“the Notice of Application”) in which the Applicant did not expressly seek relief in term of damages against the Respondent.  The Notice of Application did not contain any plea for interest either.

7. On 5 November 2013, the Respondent filed a Notice of Opposition.  The Respondent’s primary position was that, on a proper construction of the clauses in the DMC, it was not liable to the Respondent to pay any management fees at all prior to the time the Completion Certificate was issued.  The Respondent reserved its position as to the quantum of damages with specific provisions mentioned.

8. On the first day of the hearing, i.e. 26 March 2014, the parties did not oppose that the assessment of damages should be dealt with after determination of disputes on liability.  The Application was heard on two days, namely, the “Liability Hearing” on 26 March 2014 and the “Quantum Hearing” subsequently fixed to be heard on 18 November 2014.  No argument on quantum was addressed at the Liability Hearing.

9. The Liability Judgment was handed down on 8 July 2014 in which the Tribunal held that the Respondent was liable to pay management fees as from date of DMC and that was December 1999.  According to the Tribunal’s directions, the Respondent filed its affirmation on 25 September 2014, raising inter alia the Limitation Argument in contesting the quantum of damages.  The Applicant filed his affirmation on 10 November 2014, giving evidence concerning the Limitation Argument.  On 17 November 2014, the Respondent filed its reply affirmation on the same issue.

10. On 18 November 2014, the Tribunal heard evidence on quantum including arguments and submissions by both parties on the Limitation Argument.  The Tribunal handed down the Quantum Judgment on 9 December 2014 in which the Tribunal rejected the Limitation Argument on the ground that it was not specifically pleaded, no ruling had been made on merit on the argument.

11. On 24 December 2014, the Respondent applied for review of the Quantum Judgment.  The application was subsequently dismissed.

Submissions on Grounds 1, 2 and 4:

Informal Pleadings Approach and Prejudice

(i) Relevant Legal Principles on Informal Pleadings Approach

12. Mr Mok submitted that Section 10(5)(a) of the LTO provides:-


“The proceedings of the Tribunal shall be conducted with as much informality as is consistent with attaining justice and, for this purpose, the President may give directions as to the manner and form in which proceedings shall be conducted”.

13. Further Direction No. 4 issued on 1 July 1986 provides:-

“Presiding officers should not regard Notices as in the nature of pleadings by which parties are bound, but as an indication of the issues which are likely to be raised.  The remedy, if the documents filed by the party are so incomplete or misleading as to prejudice the other party, is to adjourn, not to dismiss the claim”.

14. The Respondent relied on Goodwell Property Management Ltd v Garg Lalit Kumar & Another, LDBM 242/2011 (12.7.12) and Great Source Enterprise Limited v Sino Estates Management Limited, CACV 253/2003 (7.5.04) in which the Court of Appeal (Cheung and Yeung JJA) overturned the decision of the tribunal striking out the Notice of Application because dishonesty was not specifically pleaded under O.18 r.8(1) of the RHC.

15. The present case is different from Great Source.  In Great Source Cheung JA noticed that as a matter of fact the Notice of Application had been amended twice and one of the amendments was done after the application to strike out was issued.  Cheung JA was of the view that the second amendment “contained details of the applicant's case including what it said to be the basis of dishonesty of the respondent.  The case is sufficiently framed and particularised to be tried.”  In the present case, nowhere in the Notice of Opposition and at no stage prior to the determination of liability, had the Respondent indicated that Limitation Argument was likely to be raised. 

16. Further, I think another passage in Great Source should be read together to give a complete picture to understand the holding.  Yuen JA has in paragraph 51 upheld the trial judge’s refusal to entertain a point which was not in the pleading:-

“51. Two aspects of the Re-Amended Notice of Application require mention. First, as noted above, in alleging that the Respondent owed "a duty under the DMC" in paragraphs 10, 11 and 32, the nature of the duty has not been pleaded. Before this court, Miss Eu SC, leading counsel for the Applicant, submitted that besides a contractual duty, the Respondent also owed a fiduciary duty to the Applicant by reason of being its agent. That may or may not be so, but if a fiduciary duty is to be alleged, it should be clearly pleaded, and in my view, it has not been so pleaded at all. The presiding officer was therefore entitled to construe the reference to a "duty under the DMC" as a contractual duty only.”

(ii) LO Operates to Bar the Remedy but not Extinguish the Right

17. Mr Mok submitted that the Tribunal misunderstood the effect of s.4 of the LO.  As a matter of law, it was entirely appropriate for the Respondent to raise the Limitation Argument after the Liability Hearing.  On the contrary, it was premature for the Respondent to embark on a course of argument with the Applicant, seeking the Tribunal’s determination on the application of the LO at the Liability Hearing.  Mr Mok relied on a passage in McGee, Limitation Period (6th edn), p.38 at §2-019:

“The barring of the remedy has been regarded as the usual response of the law to the expiry of the limitation period.  Therefore, in an action founded on contract (simple or special) or on tort the effect of the expiry of the limitation period is generally said to be that the remedy is barred, but the plaintiff’s right is not extinguished” [emphasis added].

18. He also relied on Royal Norwegian Government v Constant & Constant [1960] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 431 at 442 (Diplock J); Li ShiuTo v Cheung Pik Ng [2014] 2 HKLRD 508 §19 (Au Yeung J).  Mr Mok said that the operation of LO would bar the Applicant from recovering the remedy from December 1999 to September 2001 (12 years before the date of the Notice of Application), but not extinguishing his right to claim those relevant management fees.

19. Mr Mok submitted that the Tribunal had in the Review Judgment erroneously held the view that:-

“Limitation Ordinance provides a defence to the Respondent but not merely an issue for assessment of damages, because according to the Limitation Ordinance the Applicant has no right to claim for a cause of action accrued during a certain period of time” [emphasis added].

Originally in Chinese: “《時效條例》為被告方提供的是一項抗辯理由,而不單單是評核款額的問題,因為根據《時效條例》提訴人是無權就某時段產生的訴因提出訴訟” (emphasis added).

20. On this point, it is obvious that the “right” mentioned in the Review Judgment referred to the right to claim remedy outside limitation period under s.4 of the Limitation Ordinance and not the “underlying right” as mentioned by Au-Yeung J in Li ShiuTo v Cheung Pik Ng.  The “Plaintiff’s right” mentioned in the passage in the work of McGee Limitation Period in my view refers also to the “underlying right” and not the right to claim as it could be seen in the following paragraph of the same work, right was referred to the property right of the original owner in cases of theft and conversion of property (see para. 2.020). The holding of Lord Diplock in Norwegian Government carried the same effect as he said that “the legal liability of the plaintiffs to the defendants in respect of the repairs still continues to exits notwithstanding that.. the remedy by action would be barred by the Limitation Act...”

21. Further, I could not agree with Mr Mok that it would be premature to seek the Tribunal’s determination on the extent of damages as it was a matter adjourned for further argument at the Quantum Hearing.  Parties should have at least indicated the issues likely to be raised on liability or quantum prior to determination on Liability.  This is more the case when there is requirement that such issue has to be pleaded.  

(iii) Applicant’s Pleading Insufficient

22. Another complaint of Mr Mok is that the Applicant did not seek relief in term of damages against the Respondent in the Notice of Application and the Respondent would therefore be prejudiced.  Again I could not agree with Mr Mok on this.  At the outset, I do not think the Respondent would have taken that the Application was to obtain an academic declaration from the Tribunal.  It did not so appear on the Notice of Application to me.  Although relief had not been specifically pleaded therein it was stated that the order sought was about default of payment by the Respondent:-

1.申請人申請作出命令,而該命令是有關[1]房委會未有依據建築物管理條例及天頌苑大廈公契去繳付管理費(emphasis added)。

2.須予裁定的法律問題,釋義及強制執行或其他事項為[2]:天頌苑所有業主(包括房委會) 是否必須根據建築物管理條例及大廈公契依時繳付管理費,就算有關物業未曾入伙或佔用。

23. Further, the claim for an order for the Respondent to pay such management fees together with interest has been set out in his first witness statement dated 14 February 2014.  In the first witness statement the Applicant produced an account prepared by the management company stating that the sum due was $45,073,812 as from December 1999 to November 2008 (see paragraph 7 of the first witness statement).  It was also mentioned that a demand letter dated 21 May 2008 had been issued to the Respondent asking the Respondent to settle the arrears as from date of DMC with interest (see paragraph 8).  The Applicant reiterated the demand for payment of such sum due with interest in the first witness statement as conclusion (see paragraph 9).  In his second witness statement dated 7 March 2014, he repeated his plea for immediate payment of such sum due with interest (see paragraph 4 and paragraph 8).  The trial took place on 26 March 2014.  In the circumstances, it is difficult for the Respondent to argue that it was not aware of the Applicant’s claim for payment and interest before trial even though relief had not been specifically pleaded in a formal manner.  As I have mentioned in the Quantum Judgment, the Respondent had also dealt with quantum in its Notice of Opposition even though it was brief.

24. Finally, parties had been in discourse on the issue since 2008 and there had been complaint made to the Ombudsman in March 2011.  No doubt it is obvious to the Respondent that what the Applicant had asked for was payment of arrears with interest. 

(iv) No Prejudice caused to the Applicant

25. Mr Mok said that the Limitation Argument raised after the Liability Hearing did not cause any prejudice to the Applicant because evidence had been received from the parties. I have already explained in the Review Judgment why no directions was made to first deal with the issue of whether the Respondent should be allowed to run the defence under LO at the stage of determination of quantum when the defence was not pleaded (paragraphs 6 and 9 in the Quantum Judgment).  When the Tribunal came to the conclusion that the Respondent should not be allowed to rely on the LO, it was not necessary to deal with the evidence to decide on merit as suggested by Mr Mok.

26. Mr Mok referred to a passage in paragraph 12 of the Review Judgment and said that the Tribunal apparently assumed that the Respondent would not have raised the limitation argument during the hearing had it not been split into two parts and such an assumption is not necessary or apposite:-

“就本案而言,本席在判案書第40段指出答辯人應支付管理費的日期為1999年12月,如果《時效條例》是雙方的議題,本席當然會就這一點進行審議,但這點不單沒有在狀書提及,審訊時亦完全沒有被提及。本席認為答辯人不應藉著款額評核與審訊分兩階段進行,便指它可以在欠款評核時才提出《時效條例》的論點。”

27. On the day of trial, parties should be ready to argue on both liability and quantum.  Directions to deal only with liability on the trial day were given only at the commencement of the trial after consultation with parties.  Limitation Argument was not included or mentioned in the opening of Mr Mok.  Limitation was never a point raised at the trial to be considered when liability was to be determined.

(v) Prejudice and Unfairness Caused to the Respondent

28. Mr Mok said that the Tribunal’s approach in relation to the application of O.18 r.8 of the RHC caused prejudice and unfairness to the Respondent.  I have considered his submissions in this regard.

29. First, I could not agree with the Respondent’s saying that the Applicant now enjoyed a windfall of the remedy of management fees from December 1999 to September 2001 in the sum of HK$28,924,919.68 because of an entirely technical point. In fact the Applicant commenced these proceedings in his personal name because there is no incorporated owners.  He has no personal interest in the whole of the said sum.  He had specifically confirmed his stance to the Tribunal that he was not asking for a refund, but that the sum due should be reimbursed to the management fund of the Estate.

30. Secondly, the complaint that the “pleading point” was only held against the Respondent but not the Applicant could not stand because as I have mentioned earlier, the order sought was stated in the Notice of Application although not in a formal manner, but it was at least an indication of issue to be raised. Further details of the claim had been set out in the witness statements but Limitation Argument had never been raised until liability was determined.

Submissions on Ground 3: Fundamental Point Approach

31. Mr Mok said that as the Limitation Argument is such a point fundamental to the Applicant’s entitlement to remedies (and its extent), the Court of Appeal may remit the issue for retrial owing to the Tribunal’s omission on the determination of its merit, because the Tribunal is obliged to consider a fundamental point even if it has not been raised by the parties. The Respondent relied on cases set out below:-

See:

(i) 陳偉連、梁麗貞v香港房屋委員會, CACV925/2001 (22.3.02);

(ii) The Incorporated Owners of Goa Building v Wui Tat Company Limited, CACV349/2002 (17.7.03);

(iii) Pun Kwok Kei v The Incorporated Owners of Merit Industrial Centre, LDBM 25/2003 (5.8.04) §8;

(iv) The Incorporated Owners of Koon Wah Building v Yeung Fung & Others [2004] 1 HKLRD 648 §§6-8;

(v) Chung Kwok Hung v Cayley Property Management Limited, LDBM 72/2004 (8.9.04) §4;

(vi) East Point Property Management Ltd v Kong Shui Wing & Another, LDBM 110/2004 (20.10.04); and

(vii) 宜高物業管理有限公司v Ma Man Ho & Others, LDBM 393 & 394/2004, 48 & 53/2005 (30.8.06).

32. Mr Mok admitted that the aforesaid cases do not concern issues that are required to be specifically pleaded pursuant to O.18 r.8(1) of the RHC.  He submitted that there is however no case ruling out the application of fundamental point approach to such specific issues.  It was submitted that therefore, it is in the interests of justice that this case is to be heard before the Court of Appeal, so that the Court may clarify the question whether the fundamental point approach in 陳偉連 is applicable to issues mentioned in O.18 r.8(1).

33. The fundamental point approach in my view must be seen in the light of s10(5)(a) of the LTO:-


“The proceedings of the Tribunal shall be conducted with as much informality as is consistent with attaining justice and, for this purpose, the President may give directions as to the manner and form in which proceedings shall be conducted.”

34. It could be immediately seen that “attaining justice” is the cardinal concern of the provision.  There were cases such as those set out in the above where the Court of Appeal took the fundamental point approach, obviously the decisions were made upon careful consideration as to whether the objective of attaining justice would be defeated otherwise.  I do not see that in the present case the objective of attaining justice would be defeated by not allowing the Respondent to run a not pleaded defence on limitation.  As I have mentioned in my Review Judgment, the Respondent is well aware of what the Applicant had been asking for, not only a relief in the form of payment, but also the amount he alleged that the Respondent was liable to pay.  The figure of claimed amount was no secret to the Respondent.  It was computed by the management company where the Respondent is the DMC Manager; it had been mentioned in the Applicant’s complaint to the Ombudsman in March 2011 and the disputes had been discussed with LegCo Members. Further the same figure had been used by the Respondent for purpose of disclosing to potential purchasers that there was a suit over the Respondent’s liability to pay management fees and interest and the sum in dispute.

35. As to Direction No. 4 issued on 1 July 1986, it provides that:-

“Presiding officers should not regard Notices as in the nature of pleadings by which parties are bound, but as an indicationof the issues which are likely to be raised.  The remedy, if the documents filed by the party are so incomplete or misleading as to prejudice the other party, is to adjourn, not to dismiss the claim.” (emphasis added)

36. In the present application there was not the slightest indication made by the Respondent that Limitation Argument would be likely to be raised as a defence to liability before determination of liability of the Respondent.

Interests of Justice

37. Finally, Mr Mok said that it is in the interests of justice that this pleading point should be authoritatively determined by the Court of Appeal, so that the applicability of O.18 r.8(1) of the RHC to cases in Lands Tribunal concerning the operation of the LO can be clarified.  I am of the view that first the issue is fact-sensitive and each case should be decided on its own facts.  It is also for reasons set out in paragraphs 28-36 in the above that I reject the Respondent’s submission on this point.

Application of the Respondent to Amend the Intended Ground of Appeal

38. As submitted by Mr Mok, the main issue had always been the date on which the Respondent should be liable to pay management fees in the circumstances of the present case.  The dates under dispute was the date of the DMC as alleged by the Applicant and the date of the Completion Certificate as contended by the Respondent.  It was my finding that the Respondent is liable to pay management fees as at the date of DMC, i.e. as from December 1999, upon proper construction of the DMC.

39. In the light of my decision on liability as summarized above, another difficulty faced by the Respondent is that the Liability Judgment is not included in the present leave application.  That means my finding on the date on which the Respondent was liable would remain good and effective.  That would make the situation odd as such finding is inconsistent with the contention of the Respondent that they should not be liable to pay until September 2011 due to operation of the LO. Mr Mok then made an oral application to include the Liability Judgment in the present application.  This application was opposed by the Applicant saying that the Respondent should have ample time to read the Liability Judgment and the application for leave for it to be included as another intended ground of appeal at the present hearing should be dismissed.  I agree with the Applicant on this.

Conclusion

40. For reasons set out in the above, the application of the Respondent, including the oral application to include the Liability Judgment in the present application, is refused.  The summons dated 30 January 2015 is therefore dismissed.

Costs

41. Costs should follow the event.  The Respondent shall pay the Applicant costs of this application, summarily assessed at District Court Scale to be $500.  This is an order nisi to become absolute if no application is taken out to vary the same within 14 days.

 Deputy Judge Tracy Chan
 Presiding Officer
 Lands Tribunal

The Applicant, acting in person, present

Mr Johnny Mok S.C. and Ms Eva Leung, instructed by Messrs. Li, Kwok & Law, for the Respondent


[1] Bold print is in the stand form of a notice of application

[2] Same as the above

96543-CH-2015-01-07

莫炎熙 對 香港房屋委員會

HTML content

LDBM 256/2013

香港特别行政區

土地審裁處

建築物管理申請編號2013年第256宗

________________________

莫炎熙 申請人
及
香港房屋委員會 答辯人

________________________

主審法官: 土地審裁處陳玲玲暫委法官
答辯人覆核申請日期: 2014年12月24日
申請人書面回應日期:2014年12月30日
判決日期: 2015年1月7日

________________________

覆 核 申 請 判 決 書

________________________

 

1. 這是答辯人提出的覆核申請,雖然答辯人是本申請的申請人,為使判決書統一易明起見,本席仍稱答辯人為答辯人,仍稱申請人為申請人。

2. 申請人於2013年9月12日發出申請通知書,要求法庭詮釋及強制執行:天頌苑所有業主(包括房委會)是否必須根據《建築物管理條例》及大廈公契依時繳付管理費,就算有關物業未曾入伙或佔用。答辯人於2013年11月5日存檔反對通知書,主要就有關公契相關條款的詮釋提出他們的觀點,亦處理數額爭議。

3. 於審訊後本席於2014年7月8日頒下判案書裁定申請人得直,並命令答辯人由公契訂立日,即1999年12月,開始繳交相關座數的管理費。在同一判案書中,本席給予指示雙方就金額評核存檔文件,由法庭作出判決。

4. 金額評核聆訊時答辯人由李東明大律師代表。他陳詞指雙方爭議的地方在於2點,與本覆核申請相關的如下:-

“有關2001年10月以前,即本案開始前超過12年,而產生或衍生的 “管理費” 、 “利息損失” 及 “欠款利息” 是否因時效條例第4(3)條而不能提出。”

5. 經聽取證供及陳詞後,本席不接納答辯人沒有在反對通知書提出會依賴《時效條例》作反對理由,卻可在評核款額的階段引用《時效條例》銷減應繳的款項。本席於2014年12月9日頒下判決書判定答辯人不能引用《時效條例》拒絶支付1999年12月至2001年10月前的管理費,又命令答辯人除了應支付相關期間的管理費,還須支付利息。

6. 答辯人於2014年12月24日基於下列3個理由提出覆核申請:-

(1)   該判決完全沒有考慮《土地審裁處條例》第10(5)條所要求,審裁處的法律程序須在符合秉行公正的原則下,盡量不拘形式進行。

(2)   該判決完全沒有考慮土地審裁處庭長於1986年7月1日發出指示第4號(Direction No.4)明確所指,在土地審裁處的案件中,法官不應將通知書視為狀書性質至令各方受約束。

(3)   該判決完全沒有考慮上訴庭及土地審裁處所認許的原則及慣例,即若有關論點涉及一個基本點,審裁處不應硬性依據規定來考慮該論點。反之,審裁處應主動處理本來雙方没有提出來爭議的基本事項。

討論

理由(1)及(2)

7. 答辯人指根據《土地審裁處條例》第10(1)條,審裁處可在它認為合適的範圍內,沿用原訟法庭在行使民事司法管轄權時採用的常規及程序。即使如此,該條例第10(5)(a)條亦指出,審裁處的法律程序須在符合秉行公正的原則下,盡量不拘形式進行,而為此目的,庭長可就法律程序所進行方式及形式作出指示。根據上述第10(5)(a)條,土地審裁處庭長於1986年7月1日發出指示第4號(Direction No.4),當中指出法官不應將通知書視為狀書性質至令各方受約束,而應視為可能提出的爭議點的顯示。

8. 此外,在民事司法制度改革後,土地審裁處庭長發出指引LTPD: CJR No.1/2009 ,當中指出土地審裁處應靈活地採用民事司法制度改革的新措施,而非一成不變地列出《高等法院規則》中哪些規則適用於全部案件,哪些不適用。而審裁處保留一般酌情權,可自行決定在適當情況下採用原訟法庭常規及程序。

9. 答辯人指過往有多宗案例表明因條例第10(5)條,訴訟雙方並不會受其存檔於審裁處的通知書所約束,而通知書並非如高等法院的狀書一樣。答辯人呈交了共6個案例支持上述理由。不過,本席認為這些案例與本案最大的分別是在該等案件中,未有在狀書中被提及的論據,並沒有明文規定必須明確在狀書中陳明如《時效條例》之受約束於《高等法院規則》第18號命令第8(1) 規則。

10. 再者在答辯人呈交的案例中亦有提及在審訊開始時雙方都清楚明白彼此的分歧及相關的爭議點,在法庭面前亦有相關的證據,因此,雖然沒有在狀書提出,就有關審議點進行審理不會對任何一方做成不公。

11. 根據《土地審裁處條例》第10(1)條,審裁處可在它認為合適的範圍內,沿用原訟法庭在行使民事司法管轄權時採用的常規及程序,答辯人不否認這是審裁處的基本權力及責任,第10(5)(a) 條賦予審裁處在處理案件時,在符合秉行公正的原則下,盡量不拘形式進行,這是避免沒有法律代表一方因不懂程序,犯了技術錯誤而不能提出一些關鍵的論據。亦正因為這原因,答辯人沒有因為申請通知書的內容過份簡單,甚至沒有在狀書中指明要求答辯人支付相關管理費,而提出相關的非正審申請,更在審訊第一天開始時,答辯人的法律代表表示不反對欠款評核於審裁處就責任問題作出裁決後才進行,本席亦就責任作出裁決後,發出欠款評核聆訊的指示,這正體現了在符合秉行公正的原則下,審訊盡量不拘形式進行。

12. 就本案而言,本席在判案書第40段指出答辯人應支付管理費的日期為1999年12月,如果《時效條例》是雙方的議題,本席當然會就這一點進行審議,但這點不單沒有在狀書提及,審訊時亦完全沒有被提及。本席認為答辯人不應藉著款額評核與審訊分兩階段進行,便指它可以在欠款評核時才提出《時效條例》的論點。《時效條例》為被告方提供的是一項抗辯理由,而不單單是評核款額的問題,因為根據《時效條例》提訴人是無權就某時段產生的訴因提出訴訟。

13. 雖然在《土地審裁處條例》第5(a)條指盡量審訊可不拘形式進行,但並非指一方可必然在審訊後才提出新理據,這處理方式在本案中有違秉行公正的原則。因為事實上,申請人在他的證人供詞已經提出要求的金額及提交文件證明他的要求,不過答辯人方沒有在證供上處理欠款金額的問題,本席提出在就責任作出裁決後會就欠款金額給予聆訊指示,這亦體現了為秉行公義,不拘形式進行審訊的要求,但這並不等於容許答辯人在欠款金額的階段進一步首次提出應用《時效條例》。

14. 最後,土地審裁處庭長指引第4號也沒有抹殺狀書的目的是要讓對方知道自已要面對的指控或抗辯及其論據,答辯人一直有法律代表,其反對通知書詳盡處理申請人的申請,正如本席在2014年12月9 日的判決書第7-8段中指出,雖然申請書沒有表明要求法庭命令答辯人支付欠款,答辯人亦在反對通知書中處理這點,卻沒有提及《時效條例》。

15. 答辯人提出根據LTPD: CJR No.1/2009的指引,審裁處保留一般酌情權,可自行決定在適當情況下採用原訟法庭常規及程序,本席已聽取答辯人解釋為何沒有在狀書提出《時效條例》作為其中一項反對理由的說法,指是因為不知道申請人要求的金額及時段,考慮過之後,本席拒絕了答辯人提供的解釋,本席看不出其他理由支持本席行使有利於答辯人的酌情權,容許答辯人在審訊後首次提出《時效條例》作抗辯理由。

16. 基於以上理由,本席不認為理由(1)及(2)有可取之處。

理由(3)

17. 答辯人指除以上有關土地審裁處不拘形式的原則及慣例外,當有關論據涉及案中一個基本點,上訴庭及土地審裁處已在多個案例中反覆提出及認許一個原則:即使雙方没有提出該基本點來爭議,或沒有在申請書中作訴,土地審裁處亦有責任主動處理該基本點。答辯人提出了另外7個案例支持這說法。

18. 本席認為在提交的案例中,被指沒有在狀書提及的基本點是沒有法例指明必須在狀書中陳明的,此外,這些基本點多是與事實争議相關的,上訴庭認為若不先就這基本點作出裁決或會導致其他裁決不穩妥或不夠全面,這點與本案有所不同。本席不認為在本宗訴訟中,在答辯人沒有按照法例規定在狀書中陳明《時效條例》的情況下,本席應主動提出或裁決因《時效條例》銷減答辯人的欠款。

19. 基於上述理由,本席不接納答辯人提出的理由(3)。

20. 綜合以上理據,本席認為答辯人沒有充足的理由支持提出本申請,本席拒絕進行覆核。

訟費

21. 按一般訴訟常規,訟費隨訴訟結果而定。本席命令答辯人支付申請人訟費,本席以簡易評核方式評定訟費為200元。這是暫准命令,若沒有任何一方於14天內提出更改的申請,這暫准命令則成為絕對命令。

命令

22. 本席命令如下:-

(1)  撤銷答辯人於2014年12月24日存檔的覆核申請;及

(2)  暫准訟費命令,答辯人須支付申請人本申請的訟費,即時評定為200元。若沒有任何一方於14天內提出訟費更改的申請,這暫准命令則成為絕對命令。

 陳玲玲暫委法官
 土地審裁處

申請人,無律師代表,親自書面陳述

答辯人由李郭羅律師行代表作書面陳述

96168-CH-2014-12-09

莫炎熙 對 香港房屋委員會

HTML content

LDBM 256/2013

香港特别行政區

土地審裁處

建築物管理申請編號2013年第256宗

______________

莫炎熙 申請人
及
香港房屋委員會 答辯人

______________

主審法官: 土地審裁處陳玲玲暫委法官
聆訊日期: 2014年11月18日
判決書日期: 2014年12月9 日

________________________

判 決 書

________________________

 

1. 申請人於2013年9月12日發出申請通知書,要求法庭詮釋及強制執行:天頌苑所有業主(包括房委會)是否必須根據《建築物管理條例》及大廈公契依時繳付管理費,就算有關物業未曾入伙或佔用。答辯人於2013年11月5日存檔反對通知書,主要就有關公契相關條款的詮釋提出他們的觀點,亦處理數額爭議,數額爭議詳情稍後處理。

2. 於審訊後本席於2014年7月8日頒下判案書裁定申請人得直,並命令答辯人由公契訂立日,即1999年12月,開始繳交相關座數的管理費。在同一判案書中,本席給予指示雙方就金額評核存檔文件,由法庭作出判決。雙方於2014年11月6日第三次出席金額評核提訊時,答辯人在這個階段提出會根據《時效條例》指申請人不得要求答辯人支付2001年10月之前的管理費。答辯人當天由事務律師代表出席,本席指出《時效條例》必須在狀書中陳明,但本席得悉答辯人會由大律師代表出席最終的評核聆訊,為節省時間及訟費,本席沒有發出指示先聽取雙方就答辯人是否可在這階段引用《時效條例》銷減應繳金額的争議,本席給予雙方指示就申請人何時得悉答辯人沒有繳交管理費存檔誓章,答辯人亦可以誓章作出回應,答辯人能否引用《時效條例》會在金額評核聆訊中與其他議題一併處理。

3. 聆訊時答辯人由李東明大律師代表。他陳詞指申請人與房委會有爭議的地方在於兩點:-

(1) 有關2001年10月以前,即本案開始前超過12年,而產生或衍生的 “管理費” 、 “利息損失” 及 “欠款利息” 是否因時效條例第4(3)條而不能提出。申請人則希望引用時效條例第26(1)(b)及(c)條而把時效期推遲。
(2) 關於管理費按金所衍生的利息,按公契第7(c)條的規定,房委會是否只要在相關住宅樓宇的樓宇落成証明發出後才須繳交按金。而申請人提出的相關的利息均是在有關樓宇落成証明尚未發出期間而產生的。

4. 李大律師不爭議在既定的法律原則下任何被告人提出以《時效條例》作為抗辯,必須明確地在狀書中指出,《高等法院規則》第18號命令第8規則:


“必須特別作訴的事宜(第18號命令第8條規則)

(1) 任何一方必須在繼申索陳述書之後的任何狀書中,特別就任何屬以下情況的事宜作訴(如履行、解除、任何關於時效的法規、欺詐或任何反映不合法事情的事實)─

(a)

該事宜是他指稱使對方的任何申索或抗辯不能確立的;或

(b)

如不特別就該事宜作訴即可能會使對方難以逆料;或

(c)

該事宜引發先前狀書所不曾引致的事實爭論點。”

5. 李大律師指答辯人沒有在狀書中明確地指出以《時效條例》作為其中一個抗辯理由,是由於申請人沒有在申請通知書中指出他所索取的管理費由何時開始計算,答辯人從來不知道申請人要求他們在公契訂立日開始繳付相關費用。

6. 本席認為這說法不能成立,因為如上所述,申請人所要求的所有業主包括答辯人應根據大廈公契依時繳付管理費。相關的日期只有兩個,一是大廈公契的訂立日,二是樓宇落成證明書的發出日期,因為答辯人指他們只是需要在落成證明書發出後,才需要支付管理費,他們沒有指根據公契的詮釋,有其他可能的日期,本席不認為答辯人可以聲稱申請人沒有明確指出他的申索是由公契訂立日開始計算。此外又根據雙方同意提出的文件顯示,申請人曾於2011年3月23日去信申訴專員,在雙方往來的信件中明顯顯示申請人認為答辯人應自1999年公契生效起繳付有關管理費,本席亦知道雙方在申請人正式提出訴訟前曾有不少的討論,因為沒有達成協議,才把事件提交土地審裁處處理。本席不接納答辯人指申請人沒有在狀書提出他們應何時開始繳交管理費,因而沒有在反對通知書提出《時效條例》的說法。

7. 此外,本席認為答辯人在反對通知書中處理數額的問題時,事實上可以同時提出《時效條例》的說法,但卻沒有在這部份或其他任何一部分提出。答辯人的反對通知書的第41段有這樣的說法:


“數額
41. 申請人並無指出其聲稱答辯人須繳付之管理開支的金額,倘若(不論以上所述)答辯人被裁定須繳付於此訴訟中申索之任何管理費,答辯人保留權利就任何該公契第6(a)條或該條例第34G條沒有涵蓋的項目或管理開支的數額提出反對。”

8. 從這段看來,答辯人争議的只跟據公契第6(a)條或該條例第34G條在正確的詮釋下應支付的項目及責任範圍,卻完全沒有提及《時效條例》,因此本席認為答辯人不能在這階段提出以《時效條例》指申請人不能就2001年10月前的管理費提出訴訟。

9. 李大律師又指未有在狀書中提出《時效條例》並沒有對申請人做成損害,因為他已存檔誓章解釋他何時才得悉答辯人沒有交管理費的事實。本席不接納這說法,因為存檔誓章是以備本席許可答辯人在這階段指提出以《時效條例》作抗辯時,考慮申請人是否可以引用第26條把時效延長,這與本席考慮是否許可答辯人在沒有狀書支持下在這階段引用《時效條例》無關,本席認為這安排完全不能彌補答辯人沒有按照法例要求行事的缺失,況且既然本席不接納答辯人可引用《時效條例》,根本毋須考慮雙方誓章的相關部份。

10. 就數額的評核,截至2014年8月30日答辯人須負責的金額,雙方的分歧在於下列3個項目:


(1)

自1999年12月至2014年8月30日所欠交的管理費共$45,073,812.31。

(2)

因欠交的管理費而引發的利息,共$26,290,713.70,即:

(a)

拖欠管理費而引致的管理費基金自1999年12月至2008年5月所產生的 “利息損失” (按管理費基金的定期存款利息收入的利率計算);及

(b)

與公契第6(e)條相關,自2008年5月至2014年8月30日所產生的 “欠款利息” (按最優惠利率加2%計算)。

(3)

因拖欠管理費按金(deposit)而衍生,自2000年1月至2008年12月的 “利息損失” 及 “欠款利息” ,共$436,138.57。

11. 由於本席不接納答辯人可在這階段引用《時效條例》,而答辯人沒有提出其他的争議的理據,答辯人應如數支付第10(1)及(2) 段所列出的金額。

12. 就第10(3) 段所載的項目,即是否因答辯人遲繳管理費按金引起利息損失的爭議,李大律師指公契第7(c)條表明答辯人最遲可以在它 “有權轉售單位的不分割份數” (“when it is in a position validly to assign undivided shares appertaining to those flats”)起3個月才交管理費按金,而實際情況是答辯人在未發出樓宇落成証明書前是不可能把有關單位的不分割份數轉讓的。申請人提出的按金利息涉及的時段均為有關座數尚未發出樓宇落成証明書的時段。按申請人提供的文件,F,G,H及J座的樓宇落成証明書在2001年4月才發出,而K及L座的樓宇落成証明書則在2008年11月才發出。所以,答辯人直至2001年7月才須就F, G, H及J座交按金及直至2009年2月才須就K及L座交按金。

13. 公契7(c)條有如下的說法:

“房委會須於(a)簽訂本契據日期,或(b)在其有權轉售單位的不分割份數的日期(以日期較後者為準)起3個月內,就所有仍由房委會獨自擁有或佔用的單位,按上文第7(a)及7(b)條的規定繳交首年管理費按金及所應分擔的清理泥頭費用。”

14. 本席同意李大律師對公契第7(c) 條的應用,從文件證據顯示,雖然答辯人早在1999年年初,即公契訂立日之前,已經與買家簽署出售相關座數單位的買賣合約,不過,本席認為這階段並非公契7(c) 所指的 “在其有權轉讓單位的不分割份數日期”(in a position validly to assign undivided shares pertaining to those flats),因為買賣合約是雙方協議在等候單位的不可割份數可正式轉讓前雙方的權與責,在買賣合約中亦提及 “隨後的轉讓契”(見買賣協議第25段),又在買賣合約第32段更指明其中一些段落 “在簽訂轉讓契據完成買賣後仍然有效”。因此7(c) 所指的應該是當答辯人可以(in a position to)簽署轉讓契的時候而不是訂立買賣合約的時候。如此說來,根據公契第7(c) 條,“兩者較後” 的日期應該是樓宇落成證明書發出後,因此就K、L座來是相關日期是2009年2月,就 F、G、H 及 J座來說,相關日期是2001年7月,本席接納答辯人已按時繳付了這些款項,因此毋須繳付所謂遲交按金引起的利息損失。

總結

15. 本席判定答辯人不能引用《時效條例》拒絶支付1999年12月至2001年10月前的管理費,除了應支付相關期間的管理費,還須支付利息如第10(2) 段所指,並該把利息計算至2014年12月8日。但他們毋須支付遲交管理費按金引起的利息損失。

利息

16. 答辯人須就上述判定金額支付利息,由本命令日起,以判定利率計算,直至付清為止。

訟費

17. 由於雙方就3項金額評核争議項目,互有勝敗,本席不就金額評核審議頒發訟費命令。這是暫准命令,若沒有任何一方於14天內提出訟費更改的申請,這暫准命令則成為絕對命令。

18. 由於申請人無律師代表,本命令由答辯人於14天內草擬。

 陳玲玲暫委法官
 土地審裁處

申請人,無律師代表,親自應訊

答辯人由李郭羅律師行轉聘李東明大律師代表應訊

93808-EN-2014-07-08

莫炎熙 v. 香港房屋委員會

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